Background: Heart Rate Asymmetry (HRA) represents a specialized domain of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis, quantifying the unequal contribution of accelerations and decelerations to the overall heart rate variations. While HRA provides unique insight into the nonlinear dynamics of autonomic control, its assessment has traditionally relied on high-resolution Electrocardiography (ECG)....
The principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs) have become fundamental to modern biomedical research. In this context, Virtual Control Groups (VCGs) offer a promising strategy to reduce the number of animals used in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Rather than including concurrent control groups (CCGs) in every experiment, VCGs rely on historical control data...
In pharmaceutical research and preclinical development data below the lower limit of quantitation are quite common although sometimes not properly dealt with. Beyond time-to-event settings measured data above a general or even subject specific upper limit of quantitation are less common.
Malignant tumor cells can metastasize. When tumor cells metastasize they might cause new tumors called...
In many clinical trial analyses, missing data is addressed through multiple imputation (MI) to avoid loss of information and potential bias. However, this approach is not taken into consideration at the planning stage when calculating the sample size. Here, it is common practice to inflate the calculated sample size by an estimated dropout rate in order to maintain the desired power. This...
