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Tissue engineering methods and regenerative medicine innovations rely on scaffold materials and their fabrication methods [1]. Scaffolds should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and possess mechanical properties suitable for tissue engineering while mimicking the natural tissue structure [2]. Additionally new organic or inorganic incorporated materials could improve scaffold hydrophilicity, conductivity and other mechanical parameters. This study aims to investigate delaminated MXenes, 2D nanomaterials with antibacterial, conductive, and hydrophilic properties, and PCL scaffolds coated with MXenes impact on human endothelial stem cells viability and angiogenesis.
Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were fabricated using electrospinning with a positively charged needle electrode set at 25 kV, a tip-to-collector distance of 180 mm, and a solution flow rate of 12 mL/h within a controlled atmospheric chamber. Delaminated MXene nanosheets were synthesized from Ti₃AlC₂ MAX-phase precursor. Firstly, material was selectively etched using hydrofluoric acid and then delaminated in a lithium chloride solution and centrifugated to obtain single-layer flakes. Synthesized delaminated MXenes were analysed by X-ray defraction. PCL membranes were pretreated with sodium hydroxide and immersed in an MXene colloidal solution, exposed to sonication, and incubated for three hours to facilitate MXene adhesion. This coating procedure was repeated up to four times to achieve different MXene layer thicknesses. HUVEC cells were exposed to delaminated MXenes for 1 and 3 days or seeded on PCL-MXene and grown up to 3 days. HUVEC viability and angiogenesis was investigated by evaluating cell proliferation, NO production, LDH activity.
Delaminated MXenes were successfully synthesized from Ti₃AlC₂ MAX-phase precursor and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming structural changes distinct from the parent material. The PCL membranes were effectively coated with varying thicknesses of MXene layers through a repeated immersion and sonication process. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) adhered well to the PCL-MXene scaffolds, while direct exposure to delaminated MXene slurry appeared to reduce HUVEC viability, increased LDH activity and changed NO levels.
These results show that PCL membranes coated with MXenes are more biocompatible compared to direct MXene expose.
This research has received funding from the Research Council of Lithuania post-doc project No. S-PD-24-41
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