BioEM 2025

Europe/Paris
La Nef (Couvent des Jacobins)

La Nef

Couvent des Jacobins

    • Board meeting Salle 6

      Salle 6

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Board Meeting

    • Registration Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

      At this location, you will be able to finalize your registration, collect your badge (which must be worn at all times to access the conference and related events), and receive your goodie bag.

    • Welcome Reception Terrasse/Les Horizons

      Terrasse/Les Horizons

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Welcome La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Azadeh Peyman, Julien Modolo
    • Tutorial 1: From Bioelectronics to 3D Cell Cultures: Enabling Techniques for Advanced Research La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Francesca Apollonio, Lluis Mir
      • 1
        Electrochemical considerations in bioelectronics interfaces: opportunities and caveats of charge-transfer reactions

        Studying electric field effects on biological systems, from DC to high AC frequencies, can be confounded by the coexistence charge transfer (CT) reactions. CT redox processes can alter the chemical environment of the biological system being studied. Notable CT reaction effects are: oxygen depletion, pH changes, reactive oxygen species formation, reactive chlorine formation, and electrode corrosion reactions resulting in metal ion release. This tutorial aims to be a practical primer that will overview the common CT reaction types and how to recognize and quantify them. I will cover how CT is affected by frequency/pulse length and by the electrode type. On one hand, I will discuss CT mitigation strategies, on the other hand I will provide some cases where CT can be useful in certain experiments. The notable example is using CT reactions to control oxygen gradients, creating anoxic/hypoxic regions or hyperoxic regions. This concept can be carried further to control reactive oxygen species concentrations. The goal is to provide a better understanding of fundamental electrochemistry in the context of biophysical experiments

        Speaker: Eric D. Glowack
      • 2
        3D Cell Cultures and Tissue Engineering in Bioelectromagnetism: Applications and Pathways to Integration

        Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell cultures are the foundation of tissue engineering, enabling the reconstruction of tissues outside the body for research and therapeutic applications. While underutilized in bioelectromagnetism (BioEM) research, 3D cultures offer a more biologically relevant alternative to traditional 2D models and a more ethical, scalable, and cost-effective option than animal testing. The 3D in vitro models provide new opportunities for studying how cells and tissues respond to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields and interact with novel materials sensitive to such fields. This talk will outline practical aspects for generating 3D cultures and detecting the experimental effects, principles of selecting the 3D in vitro models for BioEM purposes, and real-world applications of these platforms. Finally, it will also explore cross-disciplinary integration, highlighting how BioEM can not only benefit from using the 3D cultures but also contribute to advancing extracorporeal tissue reconstruction and preservation, nanotechnology and pharmacological research. These synergies have the potential to improve experimental reproducibility while reducing reliance on animal models, support the transition towards more sustainable research practices, and accelerate the clinical translation of scientific discoveries.

        Speaker: Anna Guller
      • 3
        Dielectrophoresis of mesenchymal stem cells in differentiation: A tool for cell characterization and cell sorting.

        Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells naturally able to give rise to different cell types of connective tissue, but also to other specialized cell types under certain conditions. MSCs also exhibit interesting secretory activities, or can even come to the rescue of damaged cells in their environment. Therefore, the use of MSCs in regenerative therapies has attracted considerable interest over the last decades. However, MSC populations exhibit high heterogeneity, which adds complexity to their study in vitro as well as in clinical applications. When transplanted into the body, lack of appropriate cell homing, cell death and rapid clearance, or inappropriate differentiation are limiting factors for the efficiency of MSC-based therapeutic applications. Therefore, the characterization of properties specific to MSCs in differentiation compared to their undifferentiated counterpart, which could lead to the development of non-damaging cell separation methods, would benefit both research and clinical applications. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label-free, rapid processing technique that can be used to characterize the electrical and dielectric properties of the cells and to perform cell electromanipulation without causing cell damage. Using a 3DEP system (LABtech, UK), we evaluated the dielectrophoretic behavior of MSCs during their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, acquiring DEP spectra (20 frequencies between 10kHz and 40MHz) at each week of differentiation. Very interestingly, we observed a significant decrease in both membrane permittivity and conductivity in both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation pathways, as early as in the first week of differentiation, before the appearance of any morphological changes. Later, the evolution of these parameters was less significant. Some other cell properties affecting the dielectrophoretic behavior evolved throughout the differentiation process. In light of these observations, simulations have shown that DEP in combination with a microfluidic channel can be used to perform cell separation of differentiating cells from the first week of the differentiation process. This approach would have the potential to isolate either pure populations of undifferentiated MSCs or populations of pre-differentiated cells devoid of undifferentiated MSCs.

        Speaker: Leslie Vallet
    • 10:30
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Oral Session 1: Exploring Techniques and Applications in ELF Dosimetry I La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Hirata Akimasa, Noémie Monchy
      • 4
        Computational modelling of human forearm perception thresholds in magnetic stimulation

        Low-frequency magnetic fields induce internal electric fields in the body. When these fields are sufficiently strong, they can stimulate nerves, causing muscle contractions or sensory perceptions. Electrostimulation models, which consider the spatial and temporal characteristics of the induced electric field, can be used to determine nerve and muscle excitation thresholds. However, these models require validation with experimental data to optimize their accuracy. These more accurate models can then be used to improve current exposure guidelines. This study combines ten anatomically realistic forearm models and computational modelling with data from an experimental study on magnetic stimulation thresholds from 14 volunteers for a solenoidal coil encircling the forearm (Havel et al. 1997). Havel et al. derived their perception thresholds in terms of the induced electric field from a simplified relationship between forearm circumference and the strength of the applied dB/dt pulse needed to elicit a sensory response. This simplified approach leads to errors in the induced electric fields. We aim to calculate correction coefficients for these simplified estimates by more accurately modelling the induced internal electric fields. We will also use random sampling to account for the uncertainty associated with tissue conductivities, ensuring the results’ robustness.

        Speaker: Otto Kangasmaa
      • 5
        Experimental setup for evaluation of cardiac implants immunity at 50/60 Hz

        This study aims to investigate the impact of high-intensity power-frequency magnetic fields (MF) on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), particularly in workplace environments with strong electromagnetic fields (EMFs). While theoretical models and numerical studies have assessed interference risks, limited experimental approach exists. In this work, we have developed an experimental setup with MF exposure and a CIED-implanted phantom in a controlled environment. The induced voltage at the device input was measured to evaluate the interference on the CIED under MF exposure. Our findings indicate a linear relationship between induced voltage and MF exposure, with good agreement between theoretical calculations, simulations, and experimental measurements. This study contributes to the risk assessment for CIED users in high-intensity MF environments. Future work will explore more complex configurations to refine and expand the results.

        Speaker: Djilali Kourtiche
      • 6
        Quantitative analysis of Red Blood Cell Movement in Whole Blood under Inhomogeneous ELF Electric Field Exposure

        This study investigates the effects of electric fields on red blood cell (RBC) movement in whole blood, focusing on simulating realistic exposure conditions. It is part of a broader effort to elucidate the biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields and understand their impact on living systems. In previous work, we demonstrated that electric fields significantly influence RBC migration velocity, with electrophoresis dominating under direct current (DC) fields and dielectrophoresis under alternating current (AC) fields. These findings, however, were obtained using uniform electric fields. To address this limitation, we developed a system with electrodes designed for non-uniform electric field distributions, closer to those encountered in the human body during exposure.
        The experimental setup included electrodes arranged in curved and straight configurations relative to the x-axis, enabling detailed investigation of RBC velocity under varying electric field distributions. The theoretical basis for RBC movement was analyzed using equations describing electric field strength and its gradients. Experimental results showed that RBC velocities closely matched theoretical predictions, particularly in cases involving complex field geometries. While minor discrepancy was observed under certain AC exposure conditions, the optimal approximation curves aligned well with theoretical models.
        These results suggest that electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis are the primary mechanisms governing RBC movement under DC and AC electric fields, even in whole blood in spatially inhomogeneous fields. By bridging theoretical analysis with experimental validation, this study provides insights into ELF electric fields' biological effects and lays a foundation for biomedical applications.

        Speaker: Miki Kanemaki
      • 7
        Robust Assessment of the Incident Field at the Surface of Wireless Power Transfer Devices

        Inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) systems use magnetic fields to transfer power between a transmitter and a receiver; the receiver is typically integrated into a device with a battery to be charged, e.g., in smartphones or electric vehicles. The highest fields, which are typically generated at the surface or in locations closest to the coils of these devices, decay rapidly as a function of distance from the device, and the rate of decay depends on the construction of the device. Since the sensors of measurement systems have dimensions of millimeters to centimeters, the field at the surface needs to be extrapolated. In this study, the error for assessing the incident field at the surface of devices is determined for different extrapolation methods, and a new extrapolation model is developed and validated. Th new model allows the compliance of WPT devices to be demonstrated with the incident field at the surface with an uncertainty of less than 30%.

        Speaker: Niels Kuster
      • 8
        EMF Safety Assessment of a Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for e-Mobility

        In this study, the electromagnetic field (EMF) safety assessment of a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system during charging operations of a moving compact electric vehicle (EV) is evaluated. Specifically, different positions of the DWPT coils that account for the in-motion EV are considered for both aligned and misaligned configurations. Compliance with international safety standards has proven that reference levels (RLs) are exceeded in the extreme case of a bystander near the car (about 0.5 m in the sidewalk and 1 m in the crossing walk). In contrast, RLs are never exceeded for a passenger inside the car, at least for the considered scenarios. Future directions are also provided to reduce human exposure and improve EMF safety.

        Speaker: Valerio De Santis
      • 9
        Impact of Face-Down MR Examination on RF Heating of Medical Implants

        The aim of this work is to assess the impact of face-down, or prone, posture during MR examination on the RF-induced heating of medical implants. As face-down postures during MR examination, used for breast as well as some wrist and elbow imaging scenarios, may lead to different induced electrical field distributions, the resulting RF-induced power deposition may also change dramatically. To quantify the associated uncertainty, the Virtual Population anatomical model Ella was modified to incorporate prone breast tissues and posed with one or both arms raised above the head, with the head positioned close to the bore wall. The induced electrical fields and corresponding Tier 3 power depositions are compared to supine Ella for generic pacemakers, deep brain stimulators (DBS), and cochlear implants. The results show that the anatomical model posture and position associated with face-down MR examination could potentially lead to more than 3 dB differences in the Tier 3 power deposition evaluation for cochlear implants, due primarily to additional capacitive coupling of the head and shoulder region to the RF-coil.

        Speaker: Aiping Yao
    • Oral Session 2: Experimental Studies on 5G: From Cells to Organisms I Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Claudia Consales, Maëlys Moulin
      • 10
        Exploring parp1’s role in the effects of 5G RF-EMF exposure on the development of dopaminergic neurons

        In this research, we investigate potential effects and underlying mechanisms of 5G NR FR1 RF-EMF exposure on dopaminergic neurons during key stages of their development. We study effects of 5G NR FR1 on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hu-iPSC) as they develop into dopaminergic neurons. As poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1), an enzyme primarily known for its role in DNA repair, has been implicated in neurodegeneration, we generated PARP1 knockout (KO) iPSCs to further investigate its involvement. Wildtype (WT) and PARP1-KO cells were exposed at 1950 MHz at a SAR of 3.5 W/kg for 33 hours, with 10 minutes ON/OFF cycles or sham-exposed during the induction phase of neuronal development.
        First results showed that suppressing PARP1 expression leads to an increase in the dopaminergic neuronal cell population and promotes neuronal maturation. 5G RF-EMF exposure led to promotion of synaptic formation in both WT and PARP1-KO cells, compared to sham-exposed cells. Also, a trend towards fewer astrocytes (glial cells that are important for defense and homeostasis of neurons) was observed in RF-EMF-exposed cells. No significant changes in cell death and activity of glial cells were found.
        Our results indicate that PARP1 is involved in neuronal development. Therefore, comparing PARP1-KO and WT cells could help uncover mechanisms underlying the potential effects of 5G RF-EMF during early developmental stages.

        Speaker: Daria Tschudin
      • 11
        Extracellular vesicles as targets of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

        The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their ability to carry cargo such as DNA, RNA, and proteins has revolutionized biomedical research. Their role as mediators of intercellular communication, and their involvement in disease development, along with their abundance in every cell make them an interesting target for studying possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) related to neurodegeneration and other diseases.
        Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hu-iPSC), namely wildtype (WT) and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1) knock-out (KO) cells, are exposed to fifth generation new radio frequency range 1 (5G NR FR1) during their development into dopaminergic neurons. WT and PARP1-KO cells are exposed for 33 and 48 hours at 1,950 MHz with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.5 W/kg. EVs are isolated from the culture supernatant of both 5G NR FR1-exposed and sham-exposed cells and analyzed for their size and concentration using three widely applied methods: nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. Further proteomic analysis is planned to investigate differences in their protein cargo. Our findings will provide insights into possible effects of RF EMF on EVs during early neuronal development and may uncover mechanisms relevant to human health.

        Speaker: Lea Walther
      • 12
        Effects of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Mosquito Flight

        The implementation of the 5th generation of wireless telecommunication networks is accompanied by an increase in the operational frequency of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Studies have shown that the absorption of RF-EMFs by insects leads to dielectric heating, potentially affecting an insect’s behaviour and survival depending on their intensity. It is also known that the planned higher telecommunication carrier frequencies are absorbed more efficiently in insects. Protective thresholds for exposure to RF-EMFs are currently based on anthropocentric measures and the majority of the available publications focus on vertebrate animals. Due to their size, it is unknown if the current exposure levels are safe for insects. This research project aims to investigate the impact of RF-EMFs on mosquitoes by exposing them to various frequencies and intensities of radiation in a controlled laboratory environment, while assessing quantifiable behavioral changes in order to establishing dose-response curves. We mimicked the exposure of an insect approaching a 5G base station antenna by releasing a single mosquito into a tunnel where, at the opposite side, a bait is placed in front of an antenna. As the mosquito flies towards the bait, a video tracking system records its flight path. Numerical modelling of RF-EMF exposure along the flight path of the mosquito enables calculations of the level of radiation absorbed by the insect, thus establishing RF-EMF dose-response curves for behavioral changes, if present. The results could help establish radiation thresholds that are critical to insects.

        Speaker: Charles De Massia
      • 13
        Generational effects of a chronic exposure to 26 GHz RF-EMF on insects: insights from Drosophila melanogaster.

        The wide and rapid growth of wireless communication technologies, particularly the introduction of WI-FI or 5G networks, raised concerns about their potential impact on living organisms, the environment and health. As 26 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) are more likely to interact with small objects such as insects, understanding the effects RF-EMFs on ecosystems, and health became critical. This study aims to assess the generational effects of chronic exposure to 26 GHz RF-EMFs in a well-controlled condition on insects.
        Using D. melanogaster Canton S strain, known for its short life cycle and genetic similarities with higher organisms, we investigated the long-term impacts of 26 GHz RF-EMF exposure across 10 generations by comparing freshly hatched and aged adult. The study performed in blind monitors key health indicators including phenotypical aspect of developmental cycle, locomotor activity, and associated neurobiological issues. To maximize the mechanistic understanding of RF-EMF effects on D. melanogaster, we will explore omics variation, first transcriptomic to identify altered pathways and then metabolomics to further validate previous observation or identify more subtle effects.
        This study is part of the exposure to electromagnetic fields and planetary health (ETAIN) project that contributes developing a deeper understanding of the ecological and health-related effects of RF-EMFs. Throughout risk-assessment approach on D. Melanogaster, we will provide valuable insights on 26 GHz RF-EMF chronic exposure on insects which can also be translated into Human health. Thus, paving the road for policymakers and shape regulatory frameworks surrounding wireless technologies using RF-EMFs.

        Speaker: Julien Le Friec
      • 14
        Biological effects of 5G radiofrequency exposure at 26.5 GHz in a human keratinocytes cell model

        The discussion on the health risk due to RF-EMF exposure has become even more acute with the deployment of 5G mobile communication technologies which operate in the FR1 (below 7 GHz) and FR2 (above 24 GHz) frequency bands. With reference to FR2 band, skin is considered one of the main targets due the low penetration depth of EMF in this frequency range. Here we used HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell model, to investigate the effects of a 5G modulated signal at 26.5 GHz on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) at different time points from the end of exposure. Two exposure approaches have been planned, which we refer to as bulk and real-time measurements. For bulk measurements, we used a well characterized reverberation chamber (RC)-based exposure system, which relies on two RCs (one for RF exposure and the other for sham exposure) hosted inside two standard cell culture incubators. The second approach relies on a customised RF exposure system currently under development, which will allow the screening of real-time effects through live cells confocal microscopy.
        For bulk experiments, cell cultures were exposed for three hours at 1 W/kg SAR, and the results suggest an increase in ROS formation and hyperpolarization of the MMP immediately after and 18 h after RF exposure, respectively. Complementary investigations will be carried out to clarify the observed findings. The experiments are carried out in the framework of 5G:SMILE project funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research.

        Speaker: Olga Zeni
    • 12:30
      Lunch Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Workshop 1: Three Decades of the WHO EMF Project: Unveiling the ELF-EMF and Childhood Leukemia Connection – Past Insights, Present Understanding, and Future Challenges La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Convener: Masatura Ikehata
      • 15
        Opening
        Speaker: Chiyoji Ohkubo
      • 16
        Childhood leukemia and ELF-MF: an epidemiological perspective

        During more than four decades, there has been a discussion about whether exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) below guideline levels may be associated with an increased risk of childhood leukaemia. Results from epidemiological studies have unusually consistently showed an increased risk. Original data from studies of ELF-MF and childhood leukaemia of sufficient quality have been included in consecutive pooled analyses allowing harmonized exposure definitions and cutpoints, and a similar effort has been done for distance to power lines. There is evidence from these pooling efforts, and from individual studies that cover a long calendar period, suggesting that the association between ELF-MF and childhood leukaemia has declined over time. This decline is unlikely to be explained by changes in study quality. It could be a true causal association that has declined over time, or an association that was biased by confounding from an unknown risk factor for childhood leukaemia which has declined in prevalence over time or is no longer associated with ELF-MF, or simply random variation. Further research would be needed to determine the reason for the decline.

        Speaker: Maria Feychting
      • 17
        BfS research projects on childhood leukemia: focus on animal studies

        Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer among children worldwide, with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL) being the most common subtype. pB-ALL is known for its genetic diversity, featuring various subtypes that involve recurrent and sometimes hereditary genetic alterations. A two-step model suggests that while these genetic alterations may occur before birth, additional secondary genetic events are crucial for the transformation into leukemia. Environmental factors, such as exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF), have been studied for their potential linkage to childhood leukemia, but results from animal studies have been inconclusive due to the limitations of available models.
        During the course of the European Commission-funded ARIMMORA project, a new transgenic mouse model, Sca1-ETV6-RUNX1, was developed, which mimics pB-ALL and has been used to study ELF-MF exposure in a pilot study. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) has launched the research program “Radiation Protection in the Process of Power Grid Expansion”, which funds several projects on childhood leukemia. Two of them investigate the impact of ELF-MF exposure on mice using the mouse model from ARIMMORA. In the first study, young mice were exposed and specifically examined for changes in their immune status up to 28 days after birth. The second still ongoing study is investigating whether mice of this model develop leukemia over the course of two years after being exposed to ELF-MF first in utero and then up to 3 months of age. In this talk, those studies will be presented in more detail.

        Speaker: Janine-Alison Schmidt
      • 18
        CRIEPI Research Approach to Causal Relationship Between ELF-MFs and Childhood Leukemia

        Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and the development of childhood leukemia. However, further research is necessary because the causal relationship remains unclear. The most common type of childhood leukemia is acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia, which results from the dysregulated differentiation of B-progenitors and their abnormal proliferation. Because acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia does not develop spontaneously in commercially available rodent models, indicating that leukemogenic processes are associated with interspecies differences between humans and rodents, we have been evaluating the effects of MF exposure using human cells. We first performed in vitro experimental studies to elucidate whether ELF-MF exposure could influence leukemogenesis in humans. The results of MF exposure during the differentiation process from human iPS or primary cells suggested that 50 Hz MF exposure at 300 mT may not affect the human differentiation process from mesodermal cells to B-cell lineages. Next, we applied humanized mice that engrafted human hematopoietic stem progenitor cells and imitated human hematopoietic system in the mice to MFs exposure experiments. An animal exposure system that can stably generate uniform 50 Hz MFs of up to 5 mT(rms) has been newly fabricated in our laboratory. Two months of exposure tests have been completed, and we evaluate the effects of 50 Hz MF on the human hematopoietic system in humanized mice. Our continuous efforts should contribute to understanding the possible causal relationship between ELF-MFs and childhood leukemia.

        Speaker: Masayuki Takahashi
      • 19
        Authoritative evaluations regarding the relationship between ELF magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia

        Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) have been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s (IARC) Monograph programme on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans in June 2001. The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans, with classification as Group 1 carcinogens (“carcinogenic to humans”), Group 2A (“probably carcinogenic to humans”), Group 2B (“possibly carcinogenic to humans”), and Group 3 (“not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans”), based on the strength of evidence. The evaluation of ELF-MF was Group 2 B based on the findings from epidemiological studies of childhood leukaemia (limited evidence from cancer in humans), while there was inadequate evidence from cancer in experimental animals and no relevant support from other mechanistic data. Many other assessments have referred to the IARC classification when updating their literature review, most commissioned by the European Commission (EC), by their “Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)”, which evaluated electromagnetic fields (EMF) in general in March 2007, again in January 2009, and in March 2015; most recently by their “Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER)” adopted in April 2023, and in May 2024 and a risk assessment within the EC-funded ARIMMORA project. All of the published opinions were in agreement with the previous IARC evaluation.
        To better understand the assessment of “limited evidence in humans” it is crucial to discuss the strengths and limitations of the respective epidemiological studies, which will be done at the workshop.

        Speaker: Joachim Schüz
      • 20
        Three decades of the who EMF project: workshop on unveiling the connection between extremely low frequency -magnetic fields and childhood leukemia

        This year marks 30 years since the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project. A significant milestone in EMF research was the 2002 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) assessment, which classified extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B) due to their association with childhood leukemia. The WHO's Environmental Health Criteria document (EHC322) in 2007 identified the causal nature of this relationship as a critical research priority.
        This workshop addresses this priority focused on acute lymphocytic leukemia by examining three key components: epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, supporting biological findings from animal and cellular studies, and trying for comprehensive integration of evidence for hazard assessment. The workshop aims to reflect three decades of research findings, evaluate current understanding of the potential causal relationship, and identify future research directions.
        International experts will present current research perspectives in four scientific sessions: an epidemiological overview by Prof. Maria Feychting (Karolinska Institute), animal studies from the BfS research program by Dr. Janine Schmidt (BfS), CRIEPI's in vitro research on causality by Dr. Masayuki Takahashi (CRIEPI), and authoritative evaluations by Dr. Joachim Schuz (IARC) and general discussion will be held.

        Speaker: Masateru Ikehata
      • 21
        Closing
        Speaker: Chiyoji Ohkubo
    • Workshop 2: Computational and clinical neuroscience, Epilepsy, Transcranial Stimulation Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Convener: Mariam Al Harrach
      • 22
        tACS in Cortical Neuronal Network: a Microscale Computational Study

        This study explores how transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) influences neural oscillations, which are critical for brain function and can be disrupted in neurological disorders. tACS, a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, applies low-intensity electrical currents to modulate cortical activity. However, the precise effects of stimulation frequency and intensity on neural entrainment remain unclear.
        Using a microscale neural model of the cortical column, the study simulates alpha and gamma rhythms to examine how tACS affects different neuron types within a realistic network. The findings indicate that tACS entrains neuron activity through phase locking, but the degree of entrainment varies based on stimulation frequency and neuron type. These insights help refine neuromodulation strategies for treating conditions like epilepsy by improving our understanding of how tACS interacts with neural circuits.

        Speaker: Mariam Al Harrach
      • 23
        Computational modeling of frequency-dependent neocortical response to thalamic neurostimulation in epilepsy

        The application of centromedian stimulation (CMS) has been limited by the lack of clarity regarding its mode of action. In this study, we used stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) signals from a patient with focal cortical dysplasia. The suppression of neocortical interictal activity with CMS was frequency-dependent: no effect at 50 Hz, 15s suppression at 100Hz and ~2s suppression at 70 and 150 Hz. We developed a neurophysiologically-plausible thalamocortical model to simulate the recorded thalamic and neocortical SEEGs. The sustained suppression of interictal activity in the neocortex was modelled by incorporating extrasynaptic-inhibition and short-term plasticity mechanisms in the thalamic compartment. The model is based on two assumptions. First, high-frequency CMS strongly activates the inhibitory subpopulations in the thalamus. This causes GABA-spillover that engages postsynaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic-receptors of the thalamic cells. Their engagement decreases thalamic glutamatergic input to the neocortical pyramidal cells, and subsequently suppresses interictal discharges. Second, during 150Hz CMS, we hypothesize that the activation of presynaptic GABA-B-receptors and an increased rate of GABA reuptake facilitate the reappearance of neocortical interictal activity. The effect of each of the mechanisms implemented was quantified by rigorously comparing simulated and the recorded SEEG signals in terms of their signal morphology and interictal spiking frequency.

        Speaker: Linda Iris Joseph Tomy
      • 24
        Modeling the Effects of tDCS on Whole-Brain dynamics of Epileptogenic Networks

        Delivering low-intensity electrical currents through scalp electrodes, using transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can modulate the membrane potential of cortical neurons and may potentially restore the balance of excitability in epileptogenic networks. Optimizing the efficacy of tDCS to decrease the frequency of seizures requires a better understanding of tDCS impact on brain dynamics at both local and network levels. The aim of this study is to develop a pipeline integrating finite element method (FEM) modeling of tDCS electric fields and neural mass models, and to evaluate the effects of these weak electric fields on the activity of epileptogenic networks. Bridging field simulations with network-level dynamics offers insights into the mechanisms of tDCS and its potential optimization as a therapeutic tool for epilepsy. Results show changes in network connectivity and a decrease in the activity of the propagation zones post-stimulation.

        Speaker: Mehmet Alihan Kayabas
      • 25
        Patient-Specific Deep Learning for IED Detection in tDCS Epilepsy Treatment: A Synthetic DataAugmented Approach

        Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows promise for drug-resistant epilepsy patients, but monitoring treatment efficacy remains challenging. While current monitoring relies on subjective seizure diaries, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings offer a more objective approach through the detection of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). However, automated IED detection faces challenges with varying recording conditions and treatment-induced changes in signal patterns.
        We present a novel framework that enhances patient-specific deep learning models with synthetically generated EEG data for automated IED detection. Our approach incorporates personalized simulations of both the patient's epileptic activity and their tDCS treatment response. We expect to show that this synthetic data augmentation improves model resilience to recording variations and maintains consistent performance across treatment sessions. This method should reduce the reliance on expert annotation while providing robust, objective monitoring of tDCS treatment outcomes.

        Speaker: Mathias Peuvrier
    • Flash Poster Presentation A La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Luc Martens, Niels Kuster
      • 26
        PA/FA-01 What is more relevant: near- or far-field RF-EMF exposure? A simulation study based on mobile phone signal indicator data.

        We used the ETAIN 5G Scientist app to capture reception quality indicators across areas in and around Utrecht, the Netherlands. We calculated far-field exposure accumulated over a day and brain dose from mobile phone calling (4G; in minutes call duration), depending on the signal quality indicators (also used for power and handover management by the mobile phones) and compared the contribution of far-field and near-field exposure to brain dose. Our exploration identifies calling as largest contributor to brain dose, but only when reception quality is suboptimal and the duration of the phone call is a factor.

        Speaker: Lea Belackova
      • 27
        PA/FA-02 Towards a Planetary Health Impact Assessment Framework: Exploring Expert Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence for a RF-EMF Exposure Case-Study

        The concept of planetary health acknowledges the complex relationships between human health and the environment, emphasizing the need for sustainable stewardship of natural systems. To integrate this perspective into policy and decision-making, the Planetary Health Impact Assessment (PHIA) has been proposed, an adaption of the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) to planetary-scale challenges. Developing PHIA framework requires a methodology to summarise and synthesize knowledge on how human-driven environmental changes impact human health, both directly and indirectly. This study explores the development of an initial PHIA framework using a knowledge graph (KG), with RF-EMF exposure as a case study.
        A KG was constructed through workshops with 13 experts from diverse disciplines, mapping possible pathways linking RF-EMF exposure to health effects on various organisms, including humans, and potential indirect effects on humans through ecological consequences. Additionally, two AI tools—a Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based automated extraction tool and OpenAI’s ChatGPT—were tested for their ability to extract the same information and generate supplementary KGs from scientific literature.
        The findings highlight the expert-based KG as a consensus-driven, adaptable way for summarising and communicating multidisciplinary knowledge and guiding research. In this context, AI tools, while efficient in literature processing, require human oversight to ensure accuracy and contextual understanding. This study marks an initial step toward transitioning to PHIA frameworks into research and policymaking. Future advancements in AI are necessary to enhance their ability to contribute independently.

        Speaker: Magdalini Stefanopoulou
      • 28
        PA/FA-03 THALAMOCORTICAL MODELING FOR FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA: PYRAMIDAL-PV INTERNEURON NETWORK

        In focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the cytoarchitecture of the neocortex tissue is greatly modified. This is particularly the case for the pyramidal neuron to parvalbumin positive interneuron (PYR-PV) loop, as seen in animal and human histological studies. Here, we analyze this loop using a neuro-inspired computational model of stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) signals recorded from a patient with FCD. We identified the parameter set for the PYR-PV loop in the computational model that generates realistic SEEG signals. Simulated neocortical SEEG was generated with 2100 variations in the combinations of parameters for the PYR-PV loop. Signal similarity measures were computed to compare the simulated and the recorded neocortical SEEG activity from the patient. With the analysis of the computed signal similarity metrics it was possible to identify the parameter sets, for the PYR-PV loop, to simulate neocortical FCD activity with fidelity. The parameter sets identified with this approach reflect the architectural changes associated with the PYR-PV loop in FCD tissue. This study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the sustained slow/fast spiking activity often observed in FCDs with SEEG.

        Speaker: Linda Iris Joseph Tomy
      • 29
        PA/FA-04 Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Urban 5G Downlink Exposure of Users and Non-users by Ray-Tracing

        In 5G networks, base stations dynamically form directional beams toward users, coupling the spatial and temporal variations of electromagnetic field exposure. We propose a novel spatio-temporal method that incorporates both active users and non-users in realistic 5G exposure simulations. Unlike prior studies that focus mainly on static scenarios, or dynamic settings without accounting for precoding effects, our work integrates precoding techniques with dynamic users. In addition, this work also provides a comprehensive comparison of exposure levels for users and non-users. The results show that users experience 5.2 dB to 3.7 dB higher field strengths for 8×8 antenna arrays compared to 4×4 arrays. Non-users also experience increased exposure, with median differences up to 2.4 dB. Importantly, all exposure levels remain well below 4% of the ICNIRP guidelines, even under maximum antenna power.

        Speaker: Matthias Leeman
      • 30
        PA/FA-05 Temperature-Dependent Absorbed Power Density Variations in Human Skin at mmWaves

        The rapid deployment of 5G and the development of 6G networks have increased interest in millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies. At mmWaves, the reference levels are defined in terms of the absorbed power density (Sab), the primary dosimetric quantity in this band. Sab depends on various factors, including physiological parameters, age, environmental conditions, and inter-individual variability. Skin characteristics, such as thickness and hydration, vary across different body sites, influencing mmWave absorption and reflection. Additionally, temperature changes alter the electromagnetic properties of skin, which in turn affect Sab.
        This study aims to investigate the impact of temperature variations on Sab across different body sites, namely the palm, head, and ear, when exposed to 26 GHz and 60 GHz mmWave frequencies. Using a numerical approach and the mixture equation to determine the dielectric properties of the viable epidermis and dermis, the study evaluates how temperature changes within the 10°C to 40°C range influence Sab. The findings underscore the importance of considering temperature-dependent dielectric properties in dosimetric models for accurate exposure assessments.

        Speaker: Mariem MAFAMANE
      • 31
        PA/FA-06 Low-Profile Broadband PDMS-Based Antenna for Biomedical On-Body Applications

        This work presents a flexible, low-profile ultrawideband (UWB) antenna designed for biomedical on-body applications. The antenna features a circular copper radiator and ground plane on a 0.5 mm PDMS substrate, resulting in a compact and flexible structure with a total thickness of 0.77 mm and a 25 mm diameter. The design utilizes a CPW-fed circular patch optimized through iterative steps, including arc-shaped stubs and rectangular patches, to achieve a wide operational bandwidth of 3.7–6.25 GHz. Performance testing revealed stable radiation patterns in both E- and H-planes, a gain of >2.5 dBi across the band, and high radiation efficiency (>95%) except at 4.3 GHz, where efficiency dropped to 55%. SAR analysis conducted on a human body phantom demonstrated compliance with FCC and EU standards, with values well below permissible limits for both 1 g and 10 g tissues at 4.25 and 5.4 GHz. The antenna is validated through hardware prototyping and parameter testing, achieving consistent results in flat, bent, and on-body scenarios. Compared to state-of-the-art designs, it offers a compact, low-profile, and cost-effective solution with low SAR, wideband performance, and moderate gain. This makes it a strong candidate for body-centric communications, particularly in biomedical applications requiring flexibility, conformability, and safety.

        Speaker: Wahaj Abbas Awan
      • 32
        PA/FA-07 Numerical Assessment of Temperature Increase Considering Ohmic Loss on Implanted Metal Plates in Cellular Frequency Bands

        Metallic implants may enhance the localized SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) in the human exposure from electromagnetic fields. Implanted metal plates for the treatment of mandibular fractures are known that they lead the enhancement of power absorption in a gap between two metal plates. Previous study evaluated the temperature increase due to the metal plates. In the simulation, SAR, i.e. power absorption in the human tissue around metal plates was served as a heat source. However, the heating due to the ohmic loss on the metal plates were not considered in the simulation method. In this study, the assessment method of temperature increase considering the ohmic loss on implanted metal plates is proposed.

        Speaker: Shuhei Waki
      • 33
        PA/FA-08 Effects of Weak Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Superimposed on Geomagnetic Background on Metabolism of Human Fibrosarcoma and Fibroblast

        Fibrosarcoma, an aggressive form of soft tissue cancer, has demonstrated interactions with electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly within the low frequency spectrum such as radio waves. Modeling cancer cells as feedback systems with time delays and considering nuclear spin coupling as potential modifiers for chemical reaction rates, their interaction with extremely low frequency (ELF) and low energy magnetic fields can be predicted. This study aims to investigate the effects of weak magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies superimposed on a geomagnetic field background on the growth rate of in vitro fibrosarcoma cultures. High-permeability metal enclosures are utilized to eliminate unaccounted environmental electromagnetic fields within the low frequency range. The experiments reveal altering the frequency of the alternating magnetic field can significantly impact fibrosarcoma growth rates, with shifts as small as 0.25 Hz resulting in transitions between acceleration and inhibition. Furthermore, investigation into mitochondrial calcium and superoxide levels at frequencies associated with accelerated growth reveals an overall reduction in both quantities, albeit to varying degrees. Varying the time-varying fields amplitude can cause growth rate reversal with a transition as small as 0.5 μT. These observations suggest HT-1080 sensitivity to minor frequency and amplitude changes of the magnetic fields due to multiple oscillatory biochemical pathways.

        Speaker: Jason Keller
      • 34
        PA/FA-09 Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation combined with 26 GHz 5G microwaves on oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro

        The potential biological effects of 5G millimeter-wave (MW) exposure, particularly in combination with solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of consecutive exposure to 26 GHz MW and solar UV radiation on oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. HaCaT cells were maintained under standard conditions and irradiated by 400 J/m2 effective dose of UV radiation using a solar simulator, which was immediately followed by a 2-hours exposure to 26 GHz MW at 5 or 10 W/m2, as consecutive exposure. ROS levels were measured using H2DCFDA fluorescence, while oxidative DNA damage was assessed using the FPG-modified alkaline comet assay. Three independent experiments were conducted for each genotoxic endpoint.
        The results indicate that UV radiation alone significantly increased ROS production and oxidative DNA damage, as expected. However, consecutive exposure to 26 GHz MW did not cause any additional effect compared to UV treatment alone. Furthermore, MW exposure alone did not induce oxidative stress or ROS production relative to sham and negative controls. Statistical analysis is ongoing, and final results will be presented at the meeting.
        These findings suggest that 26 GHz MW at the tested exposure levels does not enhance or mitigate UV-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. This study contributes to the growing body of research on potential biological effects of 5G MW exposure and highlights the need

        Speaker: Bertalan Pintér
      • 35
        PA/FA-10 ADVANCED PHANTOMS FOR IR-BASED APD MEASUREMENT AT mmWAVES: SNR ENHANCEMENT THROUGH MULTI-PHYSICS PHANTOM OPTIMISATION

        In this paper, we present a hybrid multi-physics approach for optimization of reflectivity-based electromagnetic (EM) phantoms for EM dosimetry at mm-wave frequencies. Such phantoms reproduce the reflection coefficient of human skin at frequencies allocated for the next-generation mm-wave 5G networks and simultaneously allow effective conversion of the absorbed power into heat, which can be measured remotely to retrieve information related to the user exposure. The analytical formulation and main challenges in the design process of such phantoms are discussed, pointing out key parameters affecting the phantom EM performance and the EM-to-heat conversion efficiency.

        Speaker: Francesca Lodato
      • 36
        PA/FA-11 Frequency Bandwidth Analysis of Low-loss Phantom for Absorbed Power Density Assessment in 28/40 GHz Bands

        The international guidelines for human exposures to electromagnetic fields had been revised, introducing a new metric referred to as absorbed power density (APD) as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. The APD measurement using the conventional high-loss tissue-equivalent phantom at high frequencies above 6 GHz presents significant challenges due to short penetration depth in the millimeter wave region. To overcome this difficulty, authors have proposed a method for reconstructing APD on the skin surface by near-field measurements utilizing a low-loss phantom. However, the previous study was conducted only at 28 GHz, leaving the usability of the phantom at other frequencies remain uncertain. In this study, the optimization of a low-loss phantom for APD evaluation which was previously conducted at 28 GHz, was extended to 40 GHz. Additionally, the usable frequency bandwidths of the phantoms were evaluated within the range of 24–30 GHz and 36–44 GHz to cover the several candidates of the 5G communication systems. As a result, the low-loss phantom optimized at 28 GHz has a dual-band property that is 24.9 - 25.5 GHz (0.6 GHz) and 27.8 - 28.6 GHz (0.8 GHz). In addition, the low-loss phantom optimized at 40 GHz observes a multi-band property, namely at 36.0 GHz ~ 36.8 GHz (0.8 GHz), 39.4 ~ 40.7 GHz (1.3 GHz) and 43.0 ~ 44.0 GHz (1 GHz).

        Speaker: Yuma Morohoshi
      • 37
        PA/FA-12 The Effect of Proteasome Inhibitor MG-132 on Breast Cancer Cells According to the Radiofrequency Field Adaptive Response

        The international guidelines for human exposures to electromagnetic fields had been revised, introducing a new metric referred to as absorbed power density (APD) as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. The APD measurement using the conventional high-loss tissue-equivalent phantom at high frequencies above 6 GHz presents significant challenges due to short penetration depth in the millimeter wave region. To overcome this difficulty, authors have proposed a method for reconstructing APD on the skin surface by near-field measurements utilizing a low-loss phantom. However, the previous study was conducted only at 28 GHz, leaving the usability of the phantom at other frequencies remain uncertain. In this study, the optimization of a low-loss phantom for APD evaluation which was previously conducted at 28 GHz, was extended to 40 GHz. Additionally, the usable frequency bandwidths of the phantoms were evaluated within the range of 24–30 GHz and 36–44 GHz to cover the several candidates of the 5G communication systems. As a result, the low-loss phantom optimized at 28 GHz has a dual-band property that is 24.9 - 25.5 GHz (0.6 GHz) and 27.8 - 28.6 GHz (0.8 GHz). In addition, the low-loss phantom optimized at 40 GHz observes a multi-band property, namely at 36.0 GHz ~ 36.8 GHz (0.8 GHz), 39.4 ~ 40.7 GHz (1.3 GHz) and 43.0 ~ 44.0 GHz (1 GHz).

        Speaker: Beyzanur Koc
    • 16:00
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Poster Session A Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

      • 38
        PA-34 Assessment of Induced Electric Fields Under Whole-Body Magnetic Field Exposure: Effects of Staircasing Artifacts

        This study evaluates the effect of staircasing artifacts on the computation of the induced electric field in the skin of human body during whole-body exposure to a uniform 50 Hz magnetic field. Two computational models were used: one with an effective conductance method to mitigate staircasing artifacts and the other without. The results focus on the 99th to 100th percentile values of the volume- and line-averaged induced electric field in the skin. Comparisons of these percentile values show a high consistency between the two models, suggesting that the effect of staircasing artifacts is minimal. This outcome is partly attributable to the use of volume- and line-averaging methods. This research contributes to the ongoing effort to improve exposure assessment methodologies.

        Speaker: Yinliang Diao
      • 40
        PA-45 Thermal Modeling of Rat Dorsal Skin Based on a 60 GHz MMW Exposure System

        This study presents a preliminary investigation into thermal modeling for millimeter-wave (MMW) exposure using a rat skin model based on a developed MMW exposure system. The spatially averaged absorbed power density (sAPD) at the rat’s dorsal skin surface was calculated using a hybrid numerical method, accounting for deviations caused by the APD averaging method. Based on the calculated sAPD level, skin temperature elevation was analyzed by solving the Pnenes bio-heat transfer equation. The temperature elevation was adjusted by comparing it with measurement results, considering variations in thermal parameters and calculation conditions.

        Speaker: Kun Li
      • 41
        PA-59 Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals immune cell heterogeneity in X and S band microwave exposure

        The structure and function of mouse spleen was damaged after X- and S-band microwave radiation. It was revealed that the damage was more severe in the S-band. Furthermore, it was identified that the cell types and genes were most susceptible to microwave radiation-induced splenic tissue damage through scRNA-seq. The findings indicated that CD4 naïve T cells in T and NK cells were the most vulnerable cell subtypes to microwave radiation damage, leading to a disruption in immune function.

        Speaker: Li Zhao
      • 42
        PA/FA-03 THALAMOCORTICAL MODELING FOR FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA: PYRAMIDAL-PV INTERNEURON NETWORK

        In focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the cytoarchitecture of the neocortex tissue is greatly modified. This is particularly the case for the pyramidal neuron to parvalbumin positive interneuron (PYR-PV) loop, as seen in animal and human histological studies. Here, we analyze this loop using a neuro-inspired computational model of stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) signals recorded from a patient with FCD. We identified the parameter set for the PYR-PV loop in the computational model that generates realistic SEEG signals. Simulated neocortical SEEG was generated with 2100 variations in the combinations of parameters for the PYR-PV loop. Signal similarity measures were computed to compare the simulated and the recorded neocortical SEEG activity from the patient. With the analysis of the computed signal similarity metrics it was possible to identify the parameter sets, for the PYR-PV loop, to simulate neocortical FCD activity with fidelity. The parameter sets identified with this approach reflect the architectural changes associated with the PYR-PV loop in FCD tissue. This study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the sustained slow/fast spiking activity often observed in FCDs with SEEG.

        Speaker: Linda Iris Joseph Tomy
      • 43
        PA/FA-02 Towards a Planetary Health Impact Assessment Framework: Exploring Expert Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence for a RF-EMF Exposure Case-Study

        The concept of planetary health acknowledges the complex relationships between human health and the environment, emphasizing the need for sustainable stewardship of natural systems. To integrate this perspective into policy and decision-making, the Planetary Health Impact Assessment (PHIA) has been proposed, an adaption of the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) to planetary-scale challenges. Developing PHIA framework requires a methodology to summarise and synthesize knowledge on how human-driven environmental changes impact human health, both directly and indirectly. This study explores the development of an initial PHIA framework using a knowledge graph (KG), with RF-EMF exposure as a case study.
        A KG was constructed through workshops with 13 experts from diverse disciplines, mapping possible pathways linking RF-EMF exposure to health effects on various organisms, including humans, and potential indirect effects on humans through ecological consequences. Additionally, two AI tools—a Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based automated extraction tool and OpenAI’s ChatGPT—were tested for their ability to extract the same information and generate supplementary KGs from scientific literature.
        The findings highlight the expert-based KG as a consensus-driven, adaptable way for summarising and communicating multidisciplinary knowledge and guiding research. In this context, AI tools, while efficient in literature processing, require human oversight to ensure accuracy and contextual understanding. This study marks an initial step toward transitioning to PHIA frameworks into research and policymaking. Future advancements in AI are necessary to enhance their ability to contribute independently.

        Speaker: Magdalini Stefanopoulou
      • 44
        PA-46 Resting-state EEG activity in healthy young adults exposed to acute 3.5 GHz 5G mobile phone RF signals

        This study (as a part of the GOLIAT project) investigates the potential neurophysiological effects of acute exposure to 3.5 GHz 5G mobile phone (MP) radiofrequency (RF) signals on resting-state EEG activity in healthy young adults.
        The experiment employed a double-blind design with a real and a sham exposure session. EEG recordings were taken during pre-exposure, mid-exposure, and post-exposure periods, with participants alternating between eyes-open and eyes-closed states. Skin temperature was monitored using an infrared camera. The 5G signal was transmitted via a patch antenna positioned near the participant's right ear, mimicking near-field MP use scenario. EEG data analysis focused on alpha power (8-12 Hz) averaged across the scalp. Skin temperature was measured on the face to assess potential temperature changes.
        Results indicated that while EEG alpha power was significantly higher in the eyes-closed state compared to the eyes-open state, and alpha power changed over time differently depending on eye state, there were no significant exposure effects (real vs. sham) on alpha activity. Similarly, while facial temperature changed over time during the sessions, the real 5G RF exposure did not significantly affect skin temperature on the face.
        In conclusion, acute exposure to 3.5 GHz 5G RF signals does not have a measurable impact on alpha activity in the resting-state EEG or facial thermal changes, suggesting no adverse effects on brain oscillatory activity associated with relaxed wakefulness at the tested exposure level (1 W/kg peak SAR). These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the safety of 5G technology.

        Speaker: Zsuzsanna Vecsei
      • 45
        PA/FA-05 Temperature-Dependent Absorbed Power Density Variations in Human Skin at mmWaves

        The rapid deployment of 5G and the development of 6G networks have increased interest in millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies. At mmWaves, the reference levels are defined in terms of the absorbed power density (Sab), the primary dosimetric quantity in this band. Sab depends on various factors, including physiological parameters, age, environmental conditions, and inter-individual variability. Skin characteristics, such as thickness and hydration, vary across different body sites, influencing mmWave absorption and reflection. Additionally, temperature changes alter the electromagnetic properties of skin, which in turn affect Sab.
        This study aims to investigate the impact of temperature variations on Sab across different body sites, namely the palm, head, and ear, when exposed to 26 GHz and 60 GHz mmWave frequencies. Using a numerical approach and the mixture equation to determine the dielectric properties of the viable epidermis and dermis, the study evaluates how temperature changes within the 10°C to 40°C range influence Sab. The findings underscore the importance of considering temperature-dependent dielectric properties in dosimetric models for accurate exposure assessments.

        Speaker: Mariem MAFAMANE
      • 46
        PA/FA-06 Low-Profile Broadband PDMS-Based Antenna for Biomedical On-Body Applications

        This work presents a flexible, low-profile ultrawideband (UWB) antenna designed for biomedical on-body applications. The antenna features a circular copper radiator and ground plane on a 0.5 mm PDMS substrate, resulting in a compact and flexible structure with a total thickness of 0.77 mm and a 25 mm diameter. The design utilizes a CPW-fed circular patch optimized through iterative steps, including arc-shaped stubs and rectangular patches, to achieve a wide operational bandwidth of 3.7–6.25 GHz. Performance testing revealed stable radiation patterns in both E- and H-planes, a gain of >2.5 dBi across the band, and high radiation efficiency (>95%) except at 4.3 GHz, where efficiency dropped to 55%. SAR analysis conducted on a human body phantom demonstrated compliance with FCC and EU standards, with values well below permissible limits for both 1 g and 10 g tissues at 4.25 and 5.4 GHz. The antenna is validated through hardware prototyping and parameter testing, achieving consistent results in flat, bent, and on-body scenarios. Compared to state-of-the-art designs, it offers a compact, low-profile, and cost-effective solution with low SAR, wideband performance, and moderate gain. This makes it a strong candidate for body-centric communications, particularly in biomedical applications requiring flexibility, conformability, and safety.

        Speaker: Wahaj Abbas Awan
      • 47
        PA/FA-09 Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation combined with 26 GHz 5G microwaves on oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro

        The potential biological effects of 5G millimeter-wave (MW) exposure, particularly in combination with solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of consecutive exposure to 26 GHz MW and solar UV radiation on oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. HaCaT cells were maintained under standard conditions and irradiated by 400 J/m2 effective dose of UV radiation using a solar simulator, which was immediately followed by a 2-hours exposure to 26 GHz MW at 5 or 10 W/m2, as consecutive exposure. ROS levels were measured using H2DCFDA fluorescence, while oxidative DNA damage was assessed using the FPG-modified alkaline comet assay. Three independent experiments were conducted for each genotoxic endpoint.
        The results indicate that UV radiation alone significantly increased ROS production and oxidative DNA damage, as expected. However, consecutive exposure to 26 GHz MW did not cause any additional effect compared to UV treatment alone. Furthermore, MW exposure alone did not induce oxidative stress or ROS production relative to sham and negative controls. Statistical analysis is ongoing, and final results will be presented at the meeting.
        These findings suggest that 26 GHz MW at the tested exposure levels does not enhance or mitigate UV-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. This study contributes to the growing body of research on potential biological effects of 5G MW exposure and highlights the need for further investigations into long-term effects and real-world exposure scenarios.

        Speaker: Bertalan Pintér
      • 48
        PA/FA-10 ADVANCED PHANTOMS FOR IR-BASED APD MEASUREMENT AT mmWAVES: SNR ENHANCEMENT THROUGH MULTI-PHYSICS PHANTOM OPTIMISATION

        In this paper, we present a hybrid multi-physics approach for optimization of reflectivity-based electromagnetic (EM) phantoms for EM dosimetry at mm-wave frequencies. Such phantoms reproduce the reflection coefficient of human skin at frequencies allocated for the next-generation mm-wave 5G networks and simultaneously allow effective conversion of the absorbed power into heat, which can be measured remotely to retrieve information related to the user exposure. The analytical formulation and main challenges in the design process of such phantoms are discussed, pointing out key parameters affecting the phantom EM performance and the EM-to-heat conversion efficiency.

        Speaker: Francesca Lodato
      • 49
        PA/FA-11 Frequency Bandwidth Analysis of Low-loss Phantom for Absorbed Power Density Assessment in 28/40 GHz Bands

        The international guidelines for human exposures to electromagnetic fields had been revised, introducing a new metric referred to as absorbed power density (APD) as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. The APD measurement using the conventional high-loss tissue-equivalent phantom at high frequencies above 6 GHz presents significant challenges due to short penetration depth in the millimeter wave region. To overcome this difficulty, authors have proposed a method for reconstructing APD on the skin surface by near-field measurements utilizing a low-loss phantom. However, the previous study was conducted only at 28 GHz, leaving the usability of the phantom at other frequencies remain uncertain. In this study, the optimization of a low-loss phantom for APD evaluation which was previously conducted at 28 GHz, was extended to 40 GHz. Additionally, the usable frequency bandwidths of the phantoms were evaluated within the range of 24–30 GHz and 36–44 GHz to cover the several candidates of the 5G communication systems. As a result, the low-loss phantom optimized at 28 GHz has a dual-band property that is 24.9 - 25.5 GHz (0.6 GHz) and 27.8 - 28.6 GHz (0.8 GHz). In addition, the low-loss phantom optimized at 40 GHz observes a multi-band property, namely at 36.0 GHz ~ 36.8 GHz (0.8 GHz), 39.4 ~ 40.7 GHz (1.3 GHz) and 43.0 ~ 44.0 GHz (1 GHz).

        Speaker: Yuma Morohoshi
      • 50
        PA-19 Investigating the In Vivo Effects of Chronic 27.5 GHz Frequency Exposure Using The Car-S Model

        The Horizon Europe-funded project, SEAWave, investigates the health risks of 5G and future wireless technologies, particularly millimeter-wave (MMW) frequencies (24.25–29.5 GHz). While 5G shares exposure parameters with previous generations, key differences, especially in the FR2 spectrum, require further research. The project focuses on the 27.5 GHz band, assessing its biological effects on vulnerable tissues, including the skin and male reproductive system. This study assesses chronic 5G FR2 (27.5 GHz) exposure using a Car-S mouse model highly susceptible to skin carcinogenesis. Mice were exposed for 100 days under high-power density (HPD), low-power density (LPD), or sham conditions. This study found no evidence that 5G exposure promotes tumorigenesis in mice, as no significant differences in papilloma incidence were observed between exposed and control groups. Molecular analysis showed distinct differences between short-term exposure in young mice and prolonged exposure in the Car-S model. While young mice exhibited chronic inflammation with increased inflammatory markers (Ccl4, Csf2, Tnfsf11, Il4, and Il13) and downregulation of nociceptors (Cgrpα, MrgprD), prolonged exposure resulted in persistent Cgrpα and MrgprD downregulation but reduced inflammation. This suggests nociceptor plasticity, neuroimmune interactions, and receptor downregulation may influence inflammatory responses. Additionally, male fertility assessments revealed reductions in sperm concentration, vitality, motility, and increased morphological abnormalities, particularly tail defects, suggesting potential reproductive health risks. While the study does not support a tumor-promoting role of 5G, it highlights potential long-term biological effects, particularly impairment in male fertility. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the underlying molecular pathways.

        Speaker: Emiliano Fratini
      • 51
        PA/FA-08 Effects of Weak Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Superimposed on Geomagnetic Background on Metabolism of Human Fibrosarcoma and Fibroblast

        Fibrosarcoma, an aggressive form of soft tissue cancer, has demonstrated interactions with electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly within the low frequency spectrum such as radio waves. Modeling cancer cells as feedback systems with time delays and considering nuclear spin coupling as potential modifiers for chemical reaction rates, their interaction with extremely low frequency (ELF) and low energy magnetic fields can be predicted. This study aims to investigate the effects of weak magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies superimposed on a geomagnetic field background on the growth rate of in vitro fibrosarcoma cultures. High-permeability metal enclosures are utilized to eliminate unaccounted environmental electromagnetic fields within the low frequency range. The experiments reveal altering the frequency of the alternating magnetic field can significantly impact fibrosarcoma growth rates, with shifts as small as 0.25 Hz resulting in transitions between acceleration and inhibition. Furthermore, investigation into mitochondrial calcium and superoxide levels at frequencies associated with accelerated growth reveals an overall reduction in both quantities, albeit to varying degrees. Varying the time-varying fields amplitude can cause growth rate reversal with a transition as small as 0.5 μT. These observations suggest HT-1080 sensitivity to minor frequency and amplitude changes of the magnetic fields due to multiple oscillatory biochemical pathways.

        Speaker: Jason Keller
      • 52
        PA-47 Assessment of Radio Frequency Exposure from a Private Indoor 5G Network Operating in the 3.5 GHz Band: A Case Study in a University Environment

        This study investigates radio frequency (RF) exposure from a private indoor 5G network operating in the 3.5 GHz band within a university building. Despite the increasing deployment of private 5G networks, limited research has been conducted on their RF exposure. This study aims to measure the electric field strength from both pico and micro base stations (BS) under various operational modes and power levels. Additionally, it compares indoor private 5G exposure to outdoor public base station downlink radiation and Wi-Fi signals.
        The 5G private network setup included one micro and two pico base stations with adjustable power levels ranging from 10 to 35 dBm. Electric field measurements were conducted using ExpoM-RF and Narda SRM-3006 devices, with data collected in three scenarios: 5G off, idle mode, and data traffic mode. Measurements showed that in idle mode, the electric field strength was minimal, with values under 0.015 V/m for pico and 0.1 V/m for micro BS antennas. Under data traffic, values increased to 0.25 V/m and 1.43 V/m, respectively.
        The study highlighted that exposure near the pico BS antenna was lower than that from outdoor base stations due to its lower power and peripheral building location, while the micro BS antenna exhibited higher exposure due to its central placement and higher power. Results demonstrated that the measured RF exposure levels remained well below ICNIRP safety limits (61 V/m), providing essential data on indoor private 5G RF exposure and its environmental impact.

        Speaker: Orsolya Molnár
      • 53
        PA-48 Modelling the credibility of using wearable distributed (multi-location) radiofrequency EMF data loggers

        The investigations examined the impact of the human body on the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) measurement results when using wearable, distributed (multi location), personal data loggers, compared with the unperturbed EMF values. The investigations covered numerical simulations mimicking various environmental exposure scenarios (frequency of 1.0-3.6 GHz, horizontal and vertical propagation of the EMF and E-field vector polarisation) corresponding to typical exposure conditions caused by wireless telecommunication systems. The preliminary results of these ongoing studies showed that the uncertainty of assessing EMF exposure (normalised to the parameters of unperturbed EMF) when using wearable RF EMF data loggers (delivering parameters of EMF disturbed by the body of the user wearing the data loggers) may be significantly reduced by using a distributed (multi-location) measurement system. The use of averaged results from at least three simultaneous measurements from wearable data loggers in various locations at the body may reduce the uncertainty approx. three-fold.

        Speaker: Patryk Zradziński
      • 54
        PA-49 Report on comparative measurement results of EMF environmental measurement devices with a GTEM cell

        This study evaluates electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure measurement devices using a GTEM cell to ensure reliability and consistency in wireless environments. The measurement devices used were ExpoM-RF4 and the SRM-3006 probes, which are widely used in EMF environmental measurements. Comparative measurements were performed at various frequencies for four measurement devices, and the results showed a linear relationship between input power and electric field strength.

        Speaker: Sangbong Jeon
      • 55
        PA-50 DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN AT EMERGING 5G FREQUENCIES: THE PROJECT CHILD 5G

        The CHILD 5G project, supported by ANSES, contributes to improve the existing knowledge regarding the exposure of the whole population to one or multiple electromagnetic (EM) sources operating in the 5G bands in the near- or far- field with respect to the user. This includes the study of the power absorption and resulting heating as a function of age and, for specific conditions such as pregnancy, by deterministic and stochastic computational methods. This multifaced approach provides accurate children and pregnant women exposure assessment considering representative 5G exposures scenario and use cases.

        Speaker: Giulia Sacco
      • 56
        PA-51 APD Measurement Using Reflectivity-Based Phantoms: Frequency Extension to FR2 and FR3 bands

        The increasing demand for high-performance mobile communications has led to use of frequencies above 6 GHz. At these frequencies, the absorbed power density (APD) is used as the primary dosimetry metric. This study presents the latest results demonstrating the capability of the frequency extension to FR2 and FR3 bands of a recently introduced APD measurement method based on a solid reflectivity-based phantom. The results confirm the potential of the method for fast and accurate APD evaluation not only in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band, but also at lower frequencies down to 6 GHz.

        Speaker: Massinissa Ziane
      • 57
        PA-52 Personalized TMS Planning Tool Based on Electrophysiological Response and Brain Network Dynamics Predictions

        To provide more personalized, safer, and more effective treatment, research on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) would greatly benefit from improved understanding of the mechanisms by which induced electric fields interact at different scales – from the microscopic level of individual neurons to high level brain network dynamics. We introduce a modular, cloud-based, and web-accessible tool for personalized TMS planning that enables virtual human studies and facilitates the formulation of testable hypotheses regarding stimulation mechanisms across various temporal and spatial scales.

        Speaker: Serena Santanchè
      • 58
        PA/FA-01 What is more relevant: near- or far-field RF-EMF exposure? A simulation study based on mobile phone signal indicator data.

        We used the ETAIN 5G Scientist app to capture reception quality indicators across areas in and around Utrecht, the Netherlands. We calculated far-field exposure accumulated over a day and brain dose from mobile phone calling (4G; in minutes call duration), depending on the signal quality indicators (also used for power and handover management by the mobile phones) and compared the contribution of far-field and near-field exposure to brain dose. Our exploration identifies calling as largest contributor to brain dose, but only when reception quality is suboptimal and the duration of the phone call is a factor.

        Speaker: Lea Belackova
      • 59
        PA/FA-04 Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Urban 5G Downlink Exposure of Users and Non-users by Ray-Tracing

        In 5G networks, base stations dynamically form directional beams toward users, coupling the spatial and temporal variations of electromagnetic field exposure. We propose a novel spatio-temporal method that incorporates both active users and non-users in realistic 5G exposure simulations. Unlike prior studies that focus mainly on static scenarios, or dynamic settings without accounting for precoding effects, our work integrates precoding techniques with dynamic users. In addition, this work also provides a comprehensive comparison of exposure levels for users and non-users. The results show that users experience 5.2 dB to 3.7 dB higher field strengths for 8×8 antenna arrays compared to 4×4 arrays. Non-users also experience increased exposure, with median differences up to 2.4 dB. Importantly, all exposure levels remain well below 4% of the ICNIRP guidelines, even under maximum antenna power.

        Speaker: Matthias Leeman
      • 60
        PA/FA-07 Numerical Assessment of Temperature Increase Considering Ohmic Loss on Implanted Metal Plates in Cellular Frequency Bands

        Metallic implants may enhance the localized SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) in the human exposure from electromagnetic fields. Implanted metal plates for the treatment of mandibular fractures are known that they lead the enhancement of power absorption in a gap between two metal plates. Previous study evaluated the temperature increase due to the metal plates. In the simulation, SAR, i.e. power absorption in the human tissue around metal plates was served as a heat source. However, the heating due to the ohmic loss on the metal plates were not considered in the simulation method. In this study, the assessment method of temperature increase considering the ohmic loss on implanted metal plates is proposed.

        Speaker: Shuhei Waki
      • 61
        PA-14 A multi-physics analysis of electroporation phenomenon in A375 human melanoma cells: an in vitro and computational study

        Electroporation (EP) is the increase of permeability of biological membranes to ions and macromolecules, achieved with intense and short pulsed electric fields (PEFs). Depending on the PEF conditions, cells can either restore the plasma membrane integrity (reversible EP, REP), or die due to extensive, non-repairable damage (irreversible EP, IRE). REP is used in biotechnology and medicine to modify cell properties by introducing membrane‐impermeable substances. IRE is a focal, non-thermal ablative technique currently employed for treating cardiovascular and malignant diseases. Despite the established applications, mechanisms of EP have not been fully elucidated. Among the parameters affecting EP, temperature plays a critical role that should be accounted for depending on the specific application.
        In this contribution, 2D and 3D realistic, numerical models of A375 human melanoma cells were reconstructed from confocal microscopy live imaging, to be used for electromagnetic and thermal numerical analyses. A good agreement was obtained between the dimensions of the numerical models and the ones measured by the confocal microscope. In real time experiments, A375 cells were exposed to 16 pulses, 100 μs, 1 Hz, 1200 and 1850 V/cm by a customized electric pulse applicator, and EP was quantified by measuring the uptake of PI over time. The same exposure conditions are currently being applied to study temperature dynamics in A375 cells by using the temperature-sensitive dye Rhodamine B.
        The objective is to elucidate the physical determinants of the phenomenon, optimize the experimental design, and support the interpretation of the biological processes behind susceptibility to PEFs.

        Speaker: Stefania Romeo
      • 62
        PA-16 20 YEARS OF EMF-PORTAL: BACKGROUND, CONTENT AND FUTURE

        The internationally well-established literature database EMF-Portal (www.emf-portal.org) is celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2025. The core of the EMF-Portal is an extensive literature database with an inventory of about 46,000 publications and 7,000 summaries of individual scientific studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields. The aim of our presentation is to give an overview of the background and objectives of the EMF-Portal, the various milestones during the last 20 years, the most important content, the user statistics, funders and supporters, and the prospects.

        Speaker: Sarah Driessen
      • 63
        PA-17 Neonatal Skin Under 5G: Exploring the Consequences of 27.5 GHz Exposure

        The skin, as the body's largest organ, functions not only as a physical barrier but also as a dynamic, immune-responsive tissue that continuously adapts to environmental stimuli, infections, and injuries. This adaptability relies on a complex interplay between neuro-mediators, high-affinity receptors, and regulatory proteases, which collectively maintain tissue integrity and modulate inflammatory responses.
        Inflammation in the skin involves intricate interactions among immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These factors can drive genetic and epigenetic changes in skin cells, potentially leading to malignant transformation. Notably, nociceptors and inflammation are closely interconnected: nociceptors not only detect harmful stimuli but also contribute to the amplification and perpetuation of inflammation. Inflammatory processes can sensitize nociceptors, heightening their responsiveness, while nociceptor activation, in turn, can further enhance inflammation.
        Given the widespread deployment of 5G technology (FR2 27.5 GHz), understanding its potential role in driving or modulating inflammatory skin responses is crucial. Evaluating the effects of 5G exposure during the neonatal period is particularly important, as this stage represents a critical window of physiological and developmental changes. The skin, nervous system, and immune system are highly dynamic during early life, potentially making neonates more vulnerable to external influences, including environmental stressors such as 5G radiation.

        Speaker: Emiliano Fratini
      • 65
        PA-20 Personal Environmental Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) Exposure among Japanese Children between 2021 to 2024.

        With the expansion of 5G services and increased use of wireless communication devices in schools, children's exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is expected to rise. However, little is known about actual exposure levels in children. This study examines personal RF-EMF exposure levels using personal portable exposure meter (ExpoM-RF4) and their characteristics and use of wireless communication devices among Japanese children. We measured RF-EMF exposure (μW/m², power flux density) among 349 children aged 9 - 16 years using portable exposure meter between 2021-2024 as part of Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study on Environment and Children’s health. The instrument recorded 23 frequency bands every 10 seconds. Questionnaires and activity records collected information on children's locations, mobile device and other wireless communication device usage. Eight general frequency bands were analyzed: Total, FM radio, digital TV, cell phone uplink, cell phone base station downlink, Time Division Duplex (TDD), WiFi, and 5G. Statistical analyses included and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The median total RF-EMF exposure was 55.75 μW/m². Downlink (17.57 μW/m²) was the primary contributor, followed by WiFi (11.71 μW/m²). Exposure was higher during the day (64.38 μW/m²) than at night (26.71 μW/m²) and was greatest outdoors (134.57 μW/m²) and during transportation (117.26 μW/m²). Older children (15 years) and those using electronic devices before bedtime had higher exposure levels. As mobile and wireless technologies continue to evolve, ongoing research is essential to assess potential health effects and inform public health policies aimed at protecting children from excessive RF-EMF exposure.

        Speaker: Naomi Tamura
      • 66
        PA-22 RADAR Emissions: Experimental Assessment of Workers' Electromagnetic Exposure in the Italian Coast Guard

        The study assesses exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by RADAR systems installed on boats of the Italian Harbour Master's Office. Measurements were conducted on Furuno DRS4D-NXT and Lorenz MDS-9 radars, operating in the X-band (9.4 GHz), aboard boats in the ports of Rome and Vibo Valentia. The analysis follows European Directive 2013/35/EU, which establishes exposure limits and action levels for the worker’s exposure assessment.
        Measurements were carried out using sophisticated instruments, considering both the average and peak of the electric field. The results show that the maximum recorded exposure remains below the safety limits. However, the Lorenz radar exhibited significantly higher values than the Furuno, likely due to its higher peak output power. Readings were taken by positioning the equipment in strategic locations to capture maximum radar emissions. The analysis accounted for antenna rotation and the pulse emission cycle.
        The findings indicate that while the recorded values comply with occupational safety limits, the increasing use of radar on small vessels raises concerns also about general public exposure. Further targeted studies are necessary to assess the impact of these emissions and to develop more accessible measurement instruments.

        Speaker: Giancarlo Burriesci
      • 67
        PA-23 SPOTLIGHT ON EMF RESEARCH: A LITERATURE REVIEW SERVICE BY THE GERMAN FEDERAL OFFICE FOR RADIATION PROTECTION

        Since 2024, the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) has been offering the information service “Spotlight on EMF Research”, which provides short reviews of recent publications with a focus on their relevance for radiation protection. In compact articles, experts from the BfS Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields place study results in the context of the current state of knowledge and assess their relevance for radiation protection. In addition, we offer Literature Suggestions to further reading.
        Each spotlight article consists of two to three pages and aims to provide insights that will help decision-makers, fellow scientists and the wider expert community to interpret the results of these studies and to assess their relevance for risk assessment of EMF. Since late 2022, numerous publications have been reviewed, resulting in 48 Spotlight articles and 22 Literature Suggestions published by January 2025, covering different frequency ranges and study types.
        To improve the efficiency of our literature searches, we have developed an in-house solution using custom Python scripts for citation management and an artificial neural network model for study classification.

        Speaker: Martin Zang
      • 68
        PA-24 Numerical assessment of induced electric field strengths in the body during conductive charging of electric vehicles

        Recent systematic measurements carried out with a variety of different conductive charging stations and electric vehicles suggest that the EC recommendation 1999/519/EC and ICNIRP 2010 reference levels may be substantially exceeded locally and temporarily in accessible areas during AC charging due to transient magnetic fields in the initial phase of charging (typically in the time interval 2 - 5 seconds after the start of charging). In particular, magnetic flux densities exceeding the EC recommendation 1999/519/EC reference levels for the general public by a factor of 2.1 were measured in the driver’s feet area, and by a factor of up to 17.4 along the charging cable and at the surface of the charging plug (corresponding to a factor of 3.6 above the ICNIRP 2010 reference levels for the general public). Therefore, we performed numerical computations using high-resolution anatomical body models to estimate the resulting exposure in terms of induced electric field strengths and current densities in the body for reasonably foreseeable exposure conditions. Our results show that the corresponding basic restrictions for foreseeable exposure conditions during conductive charging of electric vehicles are met, even though the reference levels may be exceeded locally.

        Speaker: Pia Schneeweiss
      • 69
        PA-25 Assessment of magnetic field exposure during electric vehicle charging in a real public inductive charging station

        In this work, we present the results of an exposure assessment based on detailed measurements in the vicinity of a publicly accessible 85 kHz / 22 kW WPT-based charging station in the city of Cologne, Germany. Measurements of the magnetic flux density were carried out both inside and outside of the vehicle. Moreover, the measurements were supplemented by numerical computations of the relevant in situ dosimetric quantities induced in high-resolution anatomical body models. The measurements showed that local magnetic flux densities in typically accessible areas inside the vehicle were close to but did not reach the reference level for the general public according to the EC recommendation 1999/519/EC. Outside the vehicle at street level, substantially higher magnetic flux densities occurred, up to a factor of 5-6 above the reference levels. However, numerical computations with anatomical body models demonstrated that the in situ dosimetric quantities induced inside the body remain well below the corresponding basic restrictions recommended by ICNIRP 2010 and the EC recommendation 1999/519/EC under typical exposure conditions.

        Speaker: Gernot Schmid
      • 70
        PA-26 Electromagnetic field sensitivity, symptoms and perceived health: a mediation and moderation analysis

        Modern Health Worries (MHW) relate to concerns about the adverse health effects of contemporary technologies, including electromagnetic fields (EMF). Some individuals report symptoms they attribute to EMF exposure, a phenomenon referred to as idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to EMF (IEI-EMF) or electrohypersensitivity (EHS). While no robust evidence links EMF exposure to these symptoms, psychological mechanisms such as the nocebo effect and causal attribution may play a role.
        This study examines the relationships between EMF sensitivity, perceived health status, frequency of symptoms, risk perception, and exposure avoidance strategies. Using survey data from 285 Belgian respondents, mediation and moderation analyses were conducted.
        Results show that EMF sensitivity significantly predicts the frequency of symptom, risk perception, and avoidance behaviours. Mediation analyses indicate that self-reported health status partially explains the relationship between EMF sensitivity and the frequency of symptoms, while EMF sensitivity mediates the relationship between perceived health and all measured health outcomes.
        These analyses support both the nocebo hypothesis and the causal attribution. These results highlight the complex interplay between perception, health status, and behavioural responses. Further research could refine these findings and inform public health strategies and risk communication.

        Speaker: Maryse Ledent
      • 71
        PA-27 A novel RF exposure system for live cell imaging in real time under confocal microscopy: a preliminary design

        The aim of this work is to present the preliminary design of a novel exposure system in FR2 band, to fit with the confocal inverted microscope stage for real-time analysis of biological samples. The setup is a cylindrical metallic cavity, suitable for hosting Fluorodish FD35-WPI, with ITO-coated glasses on the top and on the bottom, to allow the analysis at confocal microscope. Conventional ITO coating demonstrated to have poor performance, so a customized index-matched ITO-coated glass was manufactured and used. The overall idea of the design is presented, with some preliminary results of system characterization and numerical dosimetry. In particular, it is shown that a Coefficient of Variation lower than 30% can be achieved in a wide region of the exposed sample. The optimization of the system is currently underway, in its final steps, and the final setup will be presented at the conference. After completing the numerical dosimetry, and the proper experimental validation, field distribution maps will be released in order to facilitate the analysis from the biological perspective

        Speaker: Fulvio Schettino
      • 72
        PA-28 Hands-On Assessment of the Exposure of Employees Fitted With Medical Implants to Electromagnetic Fields at the Workplace

        Under national legislation on electromagnetic fields in the European Union, employers are obliged to determine whether electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields (EMF) are occurring at the workplace of employees and whether any potential health and/or safety hazards arise from the resulting EMF exposure. In this context, special attention must be paid to employees fitted with medical implants.
        Recommendations for carrying out a specific risk assessment are provided in the standards EN 50527-2-1 (for pacemakers) and EN 50527-2-2 (for implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD)). However, the assessment options presented there are numerous and not all of them are well suited for use in practice.
        Here, we describe a hands-on risk assessment for employees with active or passive medical implants based on measured EMF exposure at the workplace and in accordance with the normative requirements.

        Speaker: Florian Soyka
      • 73
        PA-29 Design and dosimetric characterization of a 16.7 Hz / 50 Hz magnetic field in vitro exposure setup

        The developed in vitro exposure system allows a computer controlled blinded and simultaneous exposure of 12 Petri dishes (60 mm diameter) per group with 50 Hz or 16.7 Hz magnetic flux densities up to 6 mT (both groups within the same incubator). The orientation of the applied magnetic field vector can be alternatively selected (by computer control) between horizontal or vertical direction. The setup is hermetically shielded by Permalloy sheets against low frequency magnetic and electric fields in order to avoid confounding by stray fields of the environment or the incubator itself. Moreover, the setup allows for a substitution of the 50 μT geomagnetic field inside the shielded exposure chambers of the setup. Field inhomogeneity is < ± 4 %. The residual magnetic flux density and electric field strengths in the location of the Petri dishes are < 0.02 μT and < 0.5 V/m, respectively. Vibration is < 0.05 m/s2 up to 200 μT and < 0.1 m/s2 up to 6 mT.

        Speaker: Gernot Schmid
      • 74
        PA-30 Updated RF-EMF exposure assessment in a large-scale temporary event: a case study from the Albacete Fair with 5G traffic generation

        Large-scale temporary events can cause significant variations in radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure due to increased user density, fluctuating network demand, and the deployment of temporary base stations. The Albacete Fair is an annual event that attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors to a defined venue in the city centre, where multiple temporary base stations are installed, shaping the exposure pattern. This study evaluates RF-EMF exposure at the Albacete Fair 2023, focusing on the impact of forced 5G data traffic.
        Measurements were conducted using an MVG EME Spy Evolution personal exposimeter at multiple locations. Data were collected in four scenarios: (1) fair with forced 5G traffic, (2) fair without forced traffic, (3) post-fair with forced traffic, and (4) post-fair without traffic. A 5G-enabled mobile device streamed 8K video to generate forced traffic, while another set of measurements was taken in airplane mode. The study analyzed multiple frequency bands, including FM, LTE, and 5G (B78TDD: 3300–3800 MHz). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests.
        RF-EMF exposure was higher during the fair, particularly in mid-to-high frequency bands. However, forced 5G traffic did not significantly increase exposure, as B78TDD levels remained stable, suggesting efficient network management. Only B8DL, B3DL, B1B10DL, and B7DL showed slight increases.
        All exposure levels were well below ICNIRP limits. The highest 95th percentile (5,878.20 µW/m² in B3DL) was only 0.05878% of the ICNIRP maximum limit (10,000,000 µW/m²). Future studies should lock devices to 5G bands to better assess RF-EMF exposure under controlled conditions.

        Speaker: Alberto Najera
      • 75
        PA-31 EMF Exposure from Bystanders in Public Indoor and Transport Environments: A Case Study of Paris

        The rapid expansion of wireless communication technologies has heightened public concerns regarding potential health risks associated with exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The introduction of 5G networks has further amplified these concerns, prompting extensive research into EMF exposure levels . This study aims to evaluate RF-EMF exposure in densely populated urban areas, with a particular focus on key public locations in Paris, including shopping malls, covered markets, and public transportation hubs, all of which experience high daily foot traffic. The assessment encompasses six major shopping centers, ten of the most frequented covered markets, the busiest public transport routes, and nine train stations within Paris. Previous studies have already investigated the downlink (DL) exposure levels in these environments. In this work, we shift our focus to the uplink (UL) exposure emitted from bystanders in these locations.
        In the following, the details of the measurement campaign will be first outlined. Then, a comprehensive analysis of different wireless technologies, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G, across various scenarios will be given. Finally, the correlation between UL and DL exposure levels is studied. This study leverages data collected across multiple urban settings and frequency bands to provide a comprehensive understanding of RF-EMF exposure contributed by bystanders in public spaces.

        Speaker: Yarui ZHANG
      • 76
        PA-32 Histological changes in the rat dorsal skin after the high intensity local exposure to 26.5 GHz quasi-millimeter wave

        The expansion of 5G and WiGig millimeter waves (MMW) has raised concerns about potential health effects from radio frequency (RF) exposure. While previous studies focused on eyes and cultured cells, little research has examined MMW effects on living skin. Since MMWs penetrate only a few millimeters, their histological effects are crucial. This study exposed anesthetized rats to 26.5 GHz quasi-MMW (0–1020 W/m², 18 min). Histological analysis showed leukocyte infiltration, dermal edema, and epidermal thickening at 1020 W/m² (24h and 72h post-exposure), with no significant changes below 765 W/m². These findings suggest localized quasi-MMW exposure may induce an inflammatory response, but the threshold appears to be at 1020 W/m², indicating effects only at high exposure levels.

        Speaker: Hiroshi Masuda
      • 77
        PA-33 Assesment of past RF-EMF exposure to radio and TV broadcast stations in France

        The CIRE-RF project is an ANSES funded project (22-RF-002) that plans to investigate potential risks of childhood cancer main subtypes in relation to RF-EMF from TV and AM/FM radio broadcast stations. In order to achieve the project goal, exposure assessment had to be performed on ~80000 points on the whole French territory, for years 2002 to 2013. First, suitable simulation methods, depending on wavelength, were selected to compute electric field at exposure points. Second, needed input data (location, altitude, power, radiation pattern, start and stop dates of each broadcasting station) was collected from governemental agencies and other sources. Third, a simulation model was set up, including a whole France digital terrain model and the exposure levels were computed independantly for each service (AM radio, FM radio, TV) and each year. So as to validate simulation results, exposure level was also computed at locations of a large set of past available measurements. The results were then compared at both a local and a global scale.

        Speaker: Ljubica ZUPUNSKI
      • 78
        PA-35 Exploring the exposome around powerlines for future epidemiology: a feasibility study

        Introduction
        Epidemiological studies assessing associations between extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure (ELF-EMF; 50/60Hz) and childhood leukaemia (CL) have not clarified whether a causal association exists. It is also unclear what advances in epidemiological research are needed to answer this question.To advance the epidemiology, there may be value in instead starting from comparative ‘complex combinations of environmental, demographic and social factors’ (‘exposome’) with and without electricity distribution infrastructure. In this feasiblity study we demonstrate the methodology for the area of Bristol.
        Methods
        Geospatial data of the electricity distribution network from UK National Grid were mapped to the 268 lower-super-output areas (LSOA; 400-1200 households) of the Bristol Local Authority District. This was linked to 44 demographic and environmental factors –most of which previously linked to CL- obtained from open data or licensed for free. Correlation matrices and exploratory factor analysis were used to explore patterns correlating with the presence or density of the electricity distribution network.
        Results
        Only 14 LSOA areas had overhead powerlines, making robust inferences impossible. Nonetheless, overhead powerlines correlated with agricultural or ‘forest, open land and water’ landuse and with pesticide and herbicide use. Similar evaluations for the 123 LSOAs that had any electricity distribution infrastructure including underground cables, did not demonstrate clear correlation patterns.
        Conclusion
        This feasibility study demonstrates that the data are available and can be linked, and as these (and other) data are available nationally for the whole of England (NLSOA=33,755) this will enable an extensive exploration of the exposome to inform future epidemiological studies.

        Speaker: Emily Eyles
      • 79
        PA-36 Local exposure to 26.5 GHz quasi-millimeter wave induces inflammatory protein expression in rat dorsal skin

        The expansion of 5G millimeter waves (MMW) has raised concerns about their potential health effects on the human body. While previous studies have focused on biological effects, limited research has examined MMW-induced inflammation in living skin. This study aimed to determine whether 26.5 GHz quasi-MMW (qMMW) exposure induces inflammatory protein expression in rat dorsal skin. The dorsal skin of anesthetized rats was exposed to 0–1020 W/m² qMMW for 18 minutes, and Iba1 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results showed that Iba1 expression increased with higher exposure intensity, particularly at 1020 W/m². These findings suggest that localized qMMW exposure may induce macrophage activation and an inflammatory response in the skin.

        Speaker: Hiroshi Masuda
      • 80
        PA-37 Investigation of sex differences in the elevation of back skin temperature during wide area exposure to 28 GHz-plane waves in human volunteer

        There is little information on the biological effects of millimeter waves (MMW), such as those used in 5th generation (5G) wireless systems and WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad), on the human body. In our previous pilot study, we designed a system to broadly expose the human back to a 28 GHz plane wave, monitored skin temperature during exposure, and found that the exposure induced changes in both back skin temperature and blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the time course of temperature increase between males and females during 28 GHz quasi-MMW exposure.

        Speaker: Tatsuya Ishitake
      • 81
        PA-38 Multiphysics-Based Estimation of Skin Temperature Rise on Human Back for Quasi-Millimeter-Wave Exposure

        This study estimated the increase in skin temperature on the back of a human exposed to the developed exposure system and compared the results with experimental measurements obtained from a subject study involving eight adult males. A multiphysics computation considering thermophysiological responses was employed to simulate temperature distribution under the exposure conditions. The comparison demonstrated a good agreement between the experimental and calculated data, with a difference of 3.1% at the end of the exposure.

        Speaker: Sachiko Kodera
      • 82
        PA-39 Consideration of planar phantom’s dielectric property for conservative absorbed power density measurement at 6 GHz to 28 GHz

        In recent years, wireless communication devices have become widespread. Wireless communication devices used near a human body need to be assessed for human exposure. In the frequency range over 6 GHz, absorbed power density (APD) is used as the basic restriction in the safety guidelines. Recently, the compliance test method based on an APD at frequencies from 6 GHz to 10 GHz has been published as publicly available specification by IEC. This method obtains the APD by using the specific absorption rate (SAR) according to an electric field measurement in a tissue equivalent liquid. The APD measurement using the tissue equivalent liquid is also proposed at 28 GHz. In those SAR and APD measurements, the dielectric properties of tissue equivalent liquid are important for a conservative conformity assessment. In this study, the dielectric property of the planar phantom that can estimate the APD to safety side was considered over 6 GHz. To do that, the APD calculation was conducted in multi-layer model consisting of skin, fat, and muscle using FDTD simulation. Additionally, the APD calculation in the single layer model was also conducted. The single layer model has the dielectric property of the outlier value of the conformity assessment standard below 6 GHz, skin, or the average of the skin, fat, and muscle. From the results of the comparison between multi and single layer model, for conservative conformity assessment, the outlier value and the averaged value can be used below and over 10 GHz, respectively.

        Speaker: Yuto Shimizu
      • 83
        PA-40 A Deep Learning Method to Predict EMF Exposure in Urban Environment

        The goal of this contribution is to develop a deep learning framework that combines real-world measurement data with publicly available but incomplete base station information to predict EMF exposure in complex urban environments. Previous research has explored integrating real-world measurements with partially available public data to train ANN models for urban EMF exposure prediction. For example, early work demonstrated the feasibility of training ANNs on simulated data to predict urban exposure levels. Later study expanded on this by incorporating drive test data into ANN training. Additionally, methods such as feature selection based on propagation models and Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization have been introduced to optimize ANN input features. Building on these advancements, this study proposes a deep learning method that uses the geospatial and base station antenna data as the input, to predict the average electric field (E-field) level within a given area. Notably, this approach relies only on real world measurements and publicly available datasets, without the need for extensive simulation-based input.

        Speaker: Yarui ZHANG
      • 84
        PA-41 Evaluation of Absorbed Power Density in 28, 40, and 60 GHz using a Near-Field Planar Scanner System

        In recent years, millimeter-wave bands have been increasingly utilized in wireless communication technologies, and the exploitation of even higher frequency bands is anticipated in the future. IEC/IEEE are actively cooperating in advancing discussions towards the international standardization of compliance assessment methods for absorbed power density (APD), which serves as the basic restriction in international guidelines. Our research group has proposed the inverse source method (ISM) for APD evaluation. We have been investigating absorbed power density measurement methods using a planar scanning near-field measurement system with ISM post-processing, and evaluation is being performed in three target center frequencies namely 28, 40, and 60 GHz using a single measurement system. In this study, we investigated the key measurement parameters (measurement area, phantom size, spatial resolution, and necessary measurement distances) of our proposed method at 28 GHz, 40 GHz, and 60 GHz frequency bands. Through our measurements at 28, 40, and 60 GHz, we have discovered that the standard gain horn antenna presents the most significant measurement challenges among the tested DUTs even when using continuous wave (CW) signals. This difficulty arises from its narrow and highly directive beam characteristics, which make it particularly sensitive to position of the reference antenna. A detailed uncertainty evaluation of the APD measurement system at 28, 40, and 60 GHz is currently underway and will be reported in future work. This evaluation will provide the measurement system's accuracy and reliability across different frequency bands.

        Speaker: Rasyidah Hanan
      • 85
        PA-42 Design of a PDMS-Based Dual-Band Flexible Antenna with Low Specific Absorption Rate for ISM Applications

        The study introduces a compact dual-band antenna designed for wearable applications operating in the 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands, with an emphasis on low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values to ensure user safety. As wireless communication devices proliferate, concerns about the potential carcinogenic risks from electromagnetic radiation have prompted the establishment of SAR limits by regulatory bodies such as the FCC and EU. The proposed antenna is built on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, known for its flexibility and low dielectric constant, which are ideal for wearable technologies. The antenna incorporates a microstrip feedline with an inverted L-shaped slot for resonance at 5.8 GHz and a U-shaped stub along with a partial ground plane for resonance at 2.45 GHz. Additional meandered line structures are used to fine-tune the antenna's performance. The antenna exhibits dual-band operation with impedance bandwidths of 2.37–2.507 GHz and 5.68–5.85 GHz, providing gains of up to 1.35 dB and 2.7 dB, respectively. When analyzed for SAR, the antenna meets the safety limits set by U.S. and EU regulations, with values of 1.12 W/kg at 2.45 GHz and 0.277 W/kg at 5.8 GHz for the 1g FCC standard. The antenna's performance remains stable under conformal conditions, with minor deviations in return loss. These features make the antenna a promising candidate for wearable devices operating in the ISM bands.

        Speaker: Wahaj Abbas Awan
      • 86
        PA-43 Effects of Acute Exposure of 1950 MHz Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Field on Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmission in Free-Moving Mice

        Mobile phones communicate using radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) which may have potential impact on brain function. Alterations to glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission have been reported, however the acute effect of a single RF-EMF exposure on this neurotransmission has not been assessed in unrestrained animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute exposure to RF-EMF on mRNA expression of NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of male and female mice. Free-moving mice were exposed to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a WBA-SAR of 0 (sham) or 5 W/kg for 2 hours within reverberation chambers. The PFC and hippocampus of each mouse were collected, and RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to determine mRNA expression of target genes. Results showed that RF-EMF exposure did not result in significant differences in mRNA expression of most target genes in either brain region, whereas a statistically significant increase in Grin2a mRNA expression in the PFC of female mice was observed (compared to sham). Although standard adjustment for multiple comparisons was employed (i.e. comparison-wise), our confidence in the Grin1a results is greatly weakened by the number of dependent variables that were assessed (i.e. 6). Our findings do not provide strong evidence that acute exposure to RF-EMF alters mRNA expression of NMDA or GABAA receptor subunits in mice. However, the possible presence of such an effect cannot be dismissed and further research is required to fully understand the nature of the potential relationship between neurotransmission and RF-EMF exposure.

        Speaker: Chao Deng
      • 87
        PA-53 The Changes in Infrared Spectra of Melanoma and Fibroblast Cells Following Exposure to THz Radiation at the Australian Synchrotron

        Human melanoma cell lines (C1 and MM96L) and COS 7 human fibroblasts were exposed to Australian Synchrotron sourced THz radiation. Controls treated identically in every way, except for the exposure. The THz/Far-IR beamline extraction port was used to expose samples. The radiation is centred on 4.0 THz. The average incident power was 1.0 Wm-2. Peak power was estimated at 200 Wm-2. An offline IR spectrometer was used for the evaluation in ATR-FTIR mode.
        The IR spectra were analysed using the “dehydration in situ” approach which allows for rapid analysis. It was developed by our team using offline IR spectroscopy apparatus. The penetration depth of the ATR-FTIR at infrared frequencies in the order of 2-5 micrometres, thus all samples would be sampled to the same depth. It is a useful adjunct to THz spectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy and cell viability studies.
        Comparative spectral analysis of the cells revealed differences between the THz exposed and control cells. Furthermore, the ATR-FTIR spectra of different cell lines appeared to be characteristics for each cell line. The pattern of the increase absorbance closely follows that of water. It is likely that this could be due to increased retention of bound water in exposed cells.
        The biological effects of low intensity broadband synchrotron THz radiation has been demonstrated by our group for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types with techniques including optical and electron microscopy, cell replication and proteomics the mechanism of the effect is yet to be fully understood.

        Speaker: Elena Ivanova
      • 88
        PA-54 Development of numerical dosimetry for low-frequency induced fields in human head models

        In this paper, we present the development of a rigorous method for calculating the electromagnetic fields induced in the human body when exposed to a low-frequency magnetic field. This research is motivated by the growing need to accurately assess human exposure to electromagnetic fields, particularly in industrial environments where such fields are prevalent. To achieve this, dual formulations are analyzed and compared from both local and global perspectives. The local approach focuses on the spatial distribution of the induced fields within specific regions of the body, while the global one examines the overall the reliability of models for integral quantities such as energy. These formulations are then applied to human head phantoms obtained through the segmentation of high-resolution MRI images. This approach ensures anatomical accuracy and allows for a more detailed analysis of the field distributions in complex biological tissues. The results obtained are promising, showing consistency and reliability in calculating the induced fields. However, these findings still need to be validated through comparisons with existing data in the literature, particularly other computational methods and phantoms. Such comparisons are essential to ensure the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method. Additionally, further investigations are necessary to evaluate the impact of different anatomical structures and tissue conductivities on the induced fields.

        Speaker: Baptiste Ristagno
      • 89
        PA-55 DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN VITRO EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECT BY INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE

        We developed an in vitro exposure system for evaluating biological effects of intermediate frequency magnetic fields (IF-MF), focusing on frequencies below 100 kHz.
        Our exposure system incorporates a water-cooled magnetic field generator capable of producing stable 85 kHz fields up to 6.1 mT. The system features a specially designed culture vessel that maintains standard cell culture conditions (37±1°C, 5% CO2) while accommodating five 35-mm culture dishes. System monitoring includes thermal imaging and current measurements to ensure stable exposure conditions.
        Initial validation using mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y) demonstrated that the system maintains appropriate culture conditions comparable to standard CO2 incubators, with no significant differences in cell proliferation between exposed and control conditions.
        The system is currently being used for genotoxicity assessment using the Mouse Lymphoma Assay (OECD TG490) as a model protocol. Future improvements include implementing a sham exposure device and detailed assessment of induced electric field distribution. With further refinements and data accumulation, this protocol may contribute to evaluation methods for biological effects of IF-MF exposure.

        Speaker: Masateru Ikehata
      • 90
        PA-56 Evaluation of Peripheral Neurotoxicity Following Subacute Exposure to Intermediate-Frequency Magnetic Fields Using in vivo Pain Assessment Methods

        This study evaluated the biological effects of intermediate-frequency magnetic fields (IF-MFs) on peripheral nerves and validated multiple pain assessment methods. Male BALB/c mice (n=5/group) were exposed to IF-MF (85 kHz, 6.1 mT) for 1 hour daily over 28 days, generating an electric field strength of 20 V/m (99th percentile: 53 V/m), corresponding to 2.3 times the ICNIRP occupational exposure limit. The study included IF-MF-exposed, sham-exposed, partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL, positive control), and untreated control groups. Five pain assessment methods were employed: behavioral analysis (von Frey test), molecular analysis (RT-qPCR for inflammatory genes), histological analysis (H&E staining), biochemical analysis (CRP measurement), and cell analysis (flow cytometry for Ly-6G-positive cells). The PSL group showed significant differences across all assessment methods, validating their effectiveness. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the IF-MF-exposed, sham-exposed, and control groups in any assessment method. These findings demonstrate that 28-day exposure to IF-MF at 2.3 times the ICNIRP occupational exposure limit does not cause peripheral neuropathy, while establishing effective methodologies for assessing IF-MF exposure effects. This comprehensive evaluation framework contributes valuable data for developing EMF safety guidelines.

        Speaker: Akira Ushiyama
      • 91
        PA-57 Characterization of the EMF Environment Associated with Submarine HVAC and HVDC Cables and Evaluation of Potential Effects Upon Marine Animals

        Introduction
        Offshore and marine renewable energy development and electricity transmission are accelerating globally, with more subsea high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables being deployed. These cables generate magnetic fields within the marine environment, inducing electric fields. This report builds on previous EPRI research to further understand these time-varying electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and their potential effects on marine animals.
        Methods
        A comprehensive review of laboratory and field evidence was conducted to assess the effects of HVAC and HVDC cables on marine animals. A modeling approach was developed to estimate EMFs in the water column and seabed, considering environmental factors such as water movement and interaction with the Earth's geomagnetic field. A framework was developed to help guide environmental assessments and determine the likelihood of EMF-animal encounters and potential effects, incorporating the modeling approach and in light of incomplete scientific knowledge on marine impacts.
        Results
        Marine animals, including elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), turtles, and some migratory teleost fish, use EMFs for important life processes. Elasmobranchs are highly sensitive to electric fields, while cetaceans, turtles, and some fish are sensitive to magnetic fields. Laboratory and field evidence indicates that existing HVAC and HVDC cables generate EMFs at levels detectable by these animals. However, the impact of these EMFs at the population level is still unclear.
        Funding: Studies were funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).

        Speaker: Phung Tran
      • 92
        PA-58 Real-time and cumulative effects of microwave exposure on recognition and EEG in macaque monkeys

        There are a number of potential health risks associated with prolonged or high-intensity exposure to microwave radiation. However, the biological effects of microwave radiation on the body and related mechanisms have not been elucidated. Uncovering the effects of microwave radiation on non-human primates (NHPs) holds immense value in translating findings cross-species into human studies. The NHP paired associative (PAL) learning paradigm was established. Subsequently, 5 macaques were subjected to low-dose microwave exposure (15 min per day, continuously exposed for 5 days). PAL tests were conducted before and after exposure to assess the effects of microwave radiation on cognitive behavior in macaque monkeys. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded before exposure, during exposure, immediately, 3d, 7d, 14d, and 28d after exposure to assess the changes of brain function by microwave radiation. The results showed that macaques had no positional preference, no color preference, no left-right handedness preference, and learned the PAL task. The changes of behavioral indexes after microwave radiation showed that microwave radiation interfered with execution ability .and slowed down the process of spontaneous forgetting in macaques. EEG results showed that with prolonged exposure, the macaques experienced a brief EEG recovery after the initial cumulative exposure disturbance. In addition, EEG activity in different brain regions of macaques was disturbed during microwave exposure, and the frequency band of EEG disturbance in some brain regions changed, especially the prefrontal and frontal regions, after microwave exposure relative to the frequency band during exposure. Microwave radiation interfered with executive abilities and resting-state EEG in macaques.

        Speaker: Ji Dong
      • 93
        PA/FA-12 The Effect of Proteasome Inhibitor MG-132 on Breast Cancer Cells According to the Radiofrequency Field Adaptive Response

        The international guidelines for human exposures to electromagnetic fields had been revised, introducing a new metric referred to as absorbed power density (APD) as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. The APD measurement using the conventional high-loss tissue-equivalent phantom at high frequencies above 6 GHz presents significant challenges due to short penetration depth in the millimeter wave region. To overcome this difficulty, authors have proposed a method for reconstructing APD on the skin surface by near-field measurements utilizing a low-loss phantom. However, the previous study was conducted only at 28 GHz, leaving the usability of the phantom at other frequencies remain uncertain. In this study, the optimization of a low-loss phantom for APD evaluation which was previously conducted at 28 GHz, was extended to 40 GHz. Additionally, the usable frequency bandwidths of the phantoms were evaluated within the range of 24–30 GHz and 36–44 GHz to cover the several candidates of the 5G communication systems. As a result, the low-loss phantom optimized at 28 GHz has a dual-band property that is 24.9 - 25.5 GHz (0.6 GHz) and 27.8 - 28.6 GHz (0.8 GHz). In addition, the low-loss phantom optimized at 40 GHz observes a multi-band property, namely at 36.0 GHz ~ 36.8 GHz (0.8 GHz), 39.4 ~ 40.7 GHz (1.3 GHz) and 43.0 ~ 44.0 GHz (1 GHz).

        Speaker: Beyzanur Koç
      • 94
        PA-13 Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Strength Measurement Results at Mobile Communication Base Stations according to Measurement Points in Korea

        In this paper, the electromagnetic field strength measurements of mobile communication base stations in Korea for the year 2024 were divided and comparatively analyzed by measurement points. Based on this analysis, improvement measures for electromagnetic field strength measurement methods are proposed.
        The measurement points are divided into six types, classified by the locations where the maximum electromagnetic field strength of mobile communication base station is measured: rooftop of the building, rooftop of surrounding buildings, ground surface, other (in-building), subway tunnel, and flower bed.
        Since the measurement pattern for each distance varies depending on the measurement point on the roof of a building or on the ground, providing types for each measurement point would be helpful for safe use of radio waves to the general public.

        Speaker: JongSil Park
      • 95
        PA-21 Residential indoor radiofrequency electromagnetic field sources, mobile phone usage pattern and change in behavior problem; A prospective cohort study

        This study prospectively assessed the association between residential indoor RF-EMF sources (Wi-Fi, cordless phones) and mobile phone usage patterns with change in behavior problem over a year.
        A total of 2465 children aged 8-17 years from Hokkaido Birth Cohort study on Environment and Children’s health were assessed from October 2020 to January 2021 at baseline and between September 2021 to March 2022 at follow-up. The exposure data on residential Wi-Fi, cordless phones, and duration of mobile phone for calls, online audio streaming, video streaming, and gaming were collected at baseline. Data on outcome was collected both at baseline and follow-up using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Children were categorized into normal behavior, persistent behavior difficulties, improved in behavior, and concurrent behavior difficulties groups, based on their total difficulty score at baseline and follow-up.
        No association was found between residential Wi-Fi and mobile network call duration with change in behavior problem. Cordless phone use at home and call duration exceeding 4 minutes per week showed protective effect with improvement in behavior and reduced odds of persistent prosocial difficulties. Audio streaming for longer duration also showed protective effect with higher odds of improvement in behavior. While longer duration of internet-based calls increased odds of concurrent behavior difficulties.
        These findings may be impacted by chance and residual confounding. To validate and address the limitations, additional follow-ups and exposure measurements are required.

        Speaker: Yu Ait Bamai
      • 96
        PA-60 Assessment of the dose absorbed from outdoor RIS exposure at mmWave frequencies: a case study in vehicular communication at 28 GHz

        This study examines the impact of active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) on radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in outdoor environments at mmWave frequencies. As a case study, we investigated the dose absorbed by a road user in RIS-aided vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication @28 GHz. The analyzed exposure scenario resembled an urban setting with a two-lane road, buildings, and transmitting vehicles. We examined two RIS configurations: RIS placed on the door of a relaying vehicle and the infrastructure. One of the vehicles acted as a transmitter (Tx) and was equipped with a V2V antenna operating @28 GHz to communicate with another vehicle set as the Rx. The V2V communication between the Tx-Rx was obstructed by a blocking vehicle between them. The RIS was configured to reradiate the environmental electric field (E-field) generated by the Tx towards the Rx. We assessed the whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR [W/kg]) of a road user - an adult pedestrian – induced by the E-field generated by the Tx and reradiated by the RIS at different positions of the pedestrian and positions of the RIS. We found that the RIS enhanced the dose absorbed with a maximum wbSAR increase of 1.7 mW/kg. The median value of the dose absorbed rose by 42.5% with the implementation of the RIS. However, wbSAR remained well below ICNIRP and IEEE safety limits also with the RIS.

        Speaker: Martina Benini
      • 97
        PA-61 Evaluation of the Effects of Combined Radiofrequency Exposure from Mobile Phones on Pregnant Female SD Rats

        The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies electromagnetic fields from mobile phones as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B). To investigate the carcinogenic potential, rodent animal models, particularly rats, are commonly used for traditional carcinogenicity animal study. Mobile phone electromagnetic waves mimic real-life exposure scenarios, involving continuous exposure from the early gestational period through the entire lifespan. Therefore, to evaluate the carcinogenic risk, it is critical to consider the effects of prolonged electromagnetic exposure during gestation and lactation periods on fetal development. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of exposure to various mobile phone composite radiofrequency (center frequency: 900 MHz, 2.12 GHz, 3.65 GHz, bandwidth: 5 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz) on female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats during the gestation and lactation periods. We analyzed general clinical signs, including body weight change and food consumption during the study period, as well as reproductive performance indicators such as the number of offspring, sex ratio at birth, and neonatal mortality rate.

        Speaker: Kang-Hyun Han
      • 98
        PA-62 Temperature Measurement Inside a Skin-Equivalent Phantom Irradiated with 265 GHz Waves

        Terahertz (THz) technologies operating beyond 0.1 THz have emerged for a variety of applications, including motion sensing, security imaging, and high-speed wireless communications. Therefore, there has been a growing focus on electromagnetic field (EMF) safety within this frequency range. Since THz waves are absorbed at the tissue surface, localized heating occurs within a region of a few hundred micrometers. However, it is difficult to measure temperature rise induced by THz wave radiation using conventional optical fiber thermometers, because their spatial resolution is over 1 mm, which exceeds the size of the region where temperature rise occurs. In our previous research, we developed a biological-equivalent phantom incorporating temperature-sensitive fluorescent probes, which enables temperature measurement based on fluorescence intensity changes due to THz wave absorption. Using confocal laser microscopy, we successfully achieved three-dimensional temperature measurements with high spatial resolution of 5 μm in the XY plane and 20 μm in the Z direction. In this study, we constructed an experimental system by combining the Gyrotron which is a high-intensity THz wave source, with our temperature measurement system. We then investigated whether the internal temperature rise of a skin-equivalent phantom could be measured while it was simultaneously irradiated with 265 GHz waves.

        Speaker: Shota Yamazaki
      • 99
        PA-63 Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF, 50 Hz) exposure and risk perception on agricultural production : a survey among Belgian farmers

        Despite decades of research, there are still some uncertainties about the potential health effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). This situation leads to ongoing concern and worry. In Belgium, the general population is also concerned about electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly farmers and breeders who have reported problems with livestock (health and behaviour), and crop production that they link to infrastructure that generates ELF-EMF, such as power lines.
        In this context, we designed a survey to investigate the exposure and risk perception to ELF-EMF. We also included questions to collect information on changes in animals/crops among farmers and breeders in Belgium.
        The aim of this study is to obtain a first picture of the situation in Belgium. This first step will be followed by a complementary phase with in-depth on-site investigation to further explore and objectify perceptions. We report here on the first step: Data collection has been completed, and we are currently in the process of analysing the data.
        In a whole, this comprehensive study should contribute to a better understanding of exposure and risk perceptions, which are crucial for appropriate management and risk communication.

        Speaker: Océane Bobin
      • 100
        PA-64 Targeted delivery of a monoclonal antibody using pulsed electric fields in a 3D glioblastoma model

        This study investigates a novel approach for selective targeting of tumor cells using the monoclonal antibody (mAb H10), produced via Plant Molecular Farming technology. mAb H10 specifically binds to the C domain of Tenascin-C (C-TNC), a tumor marker overexpressed in glioblastoma. The aim was to enhance antibody penetration into glioblastoma spheroids using electroporation, a technique that uses electric pulses to facilitate molecule delivery into cells.
        The study developed a U87 glioblastoma spheroid model and tested two electroporation protocols: one with only long pulses (EP1) and another combining high- and low-voltage pulses (EP2). The results showed that EP1 was most effective, allowing deep penetration of mAb H10 into the spheroid without compromising its integrity. In contrast, EP2 caused spheroid disruption and debris formation, hindering visualization. Even without electroporation, mAb H10 partially penetrated the spheroid matrix, indicating its affinity for TNC.
        These findings suggest that electroporation can enhance the delivery of mAb H10 into the tumor microenvironment, offering a promising strategy for targeted glioblastoma therapy. The study also highlights the potential of electroporation to optimize antibody delivery, and future work will focus on exploring additional protocols and evaluating the combination of mAb H10 with cytotoxic agents to improve treatment outcomes in solid tumors.

        Speaker: Francesca Camera
      • 101
        PA-65 Assessing the radiofrequency electromagnetic landscape inside large-scale heterogeneous urban green infrastructure, with a focus on spa parks

        The aim of this work was to develop and experimentally verify the research method, enabling the assessment of electromagnetic landscape (EMLS) inside the heterogeneous large-scale urban green infrastructure (UGI) and the impact of the facilities located there on the local EMLS. The relevant parameters of RFR were considered for the objective characterising of local EMLS inside UGI in the context of mentioned needs of its users, along with the method of their objective research, were developed and experimentally verified on the example of the profile of EMLS inside several large spa parks (SP) equipped with the ‘salt towers’ (ST) of various size and shape (the largest UGI and objects located there). The obtained results of studies performed in several SP, equipped in ST facilities of various size and shape, showed significant differences in the parameters characterizing local EMLS in various SP. Therefore, the feasibility of such studies and their usefulness (sensitivity and selectivity necessary to assess the EMLS parameters inside various large-scale UGI) were confirmed.

        Speaker: Jolanta Karpowicz
      • 102
        PA-66 Magnetic field measurement of various types of vehicles, including electric vehicles

        The Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) conducts various activities to communicate scientific information regarding electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in an easily understandable manner to alleviate public concerns about EMFs. As part of these activities, measurements of magnetic fields (MF), specifically magnetic flux density (MFD) generated by power equipment and household appliances have been conducted, and the results have been made publicly available.
        In 2013, we reported the results of a MF measurements for electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). However, in recent years, the global proliferation of EVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) has been advancing rapidly, and with the establishment of IEC 62764-1:2022, which defined the method for measuring the MF of vehicles, we have conducted a series of MF measurements on current model vehicles.
        The results indicate that measured MFD values for all vehicle types were lower than the reference levels for general public exposure to MF, as recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These findings provide valuable insights for our risk communication activities with the general public regarding EMFs.

        Speaker: Hiromichi Fukui
      • 103
        PA-67 Development of a multi-electrode array device using human sensory neural spheroids and preliminary evaluation of stimulus responses in axon bundles

        The time-varying low- to intermediate-frequency (primarily between 1 Hz and 100 kHz) electromagnetic fields excite nerves and muscles through induced electric fields. This phenomenon, called the “stimulus effect”, is the biological basis for international guidelines for the protection of the human body. However, scientific uncertainty has been identified regarding the thresholds for peripheral nerve stimulation, particularly in the intermediate-frequency range above 10 kHz. Further clarification is needed on the thresholds associated with the sensation of pain which is associated with health risks. To address this, we are currently developing a multi-electrode array device to accurately assess the threshold of stimulus effects related to pain sensation using axon bundles extended from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neural spheroids. In this presentation, we will outline the development of this device and present preliminary results from the evaluation of stimulus-induced responses.

        Speaker: Satoshi Nakasono
    • Workshop: The Future Thinks With Us: AI as a Partner in Scientific Discovery La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Convener: Astrid Pilla
    • Student Ice Breaker Le Picadilly

      Le Picadilly

      Place de la Mairie 35000 Rennes

      We are excited to invite all student attendees to the Student Ice Breaker on Tuesday, June 23rd, starting at 19:30 at Le Picadilly
      (Place de la Mairie, 35000 Rennes, right next to the Opera House).
      This lively venue in the heart of Rennes offers a relaxed and friendly atmosphere—perfect for socializing and networking with fellow students.
      When you collect your badge and goodie bag at registration on Sunday, you’ll also receive drink vouchers (for students only) to use at the bar during the event. Complimentary snacks will be available throughout the evening.
      We look forward to welcoming you for a fun and informal evening to kick off the BioEM 2025 experience!

    • Young Scientist Award La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Micaela Liberti, Olga Pakhomova
      • 104
        Adding a mechanical angle to bioelectromagnetism

        Bioelectromagnetism has proven itself to be useful to manipulate cells and harness them for therapies. My journey with bioelectromagnetism started with developing tumor-treating fields on a microfluidic chip and using it to study how bioelectrical simulations can inhibit cancer proliferation. Intrigued by this phenomenon, I then moved on to using a wireless magnetic system that can be transduced into mechanical stimulation for activating neurons during my PhD. Now, I am leading a research thrust using magneto-mechanical stimulation to enhance fibroblast and stem cell function for wound healing. Through my talk, I hope to encourage the research trainees to explore the use of bio-electro-magneto-mechano stimulations for diverse therapeutic applications.

        Speaker: Andy Tay
    • Flash Poster Presentation B La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Luc Martens, Niels Kuster
      • 105
        PB/FB-01 Feasibility study of a microwave surgical energy device composed of a waveguide

        Microwave surgical energy devices are used for hemostasis and anastomosis in modern surgery. Conventional microwave energy devices use coaxial cables for microwave transmission and radiation. However, with this device structure, the heating region may be elongated and distributed on the surface of biological tissue, which may unnecessarily heat healthy tissue. Therefore, it was considered possible to suppress the spread of the heating region by radiating microwaves directly onto the tissue with the end face of the waveguide. The cross-sectional size of the waveguide is related to the frequency of the radio waves propagating inside it, so it is not possible to simply design a smaller size. In order to propagate microwaves at 2.45 GHz, the operating frequency of the device, the cross section must be 100 × 50 mm2, which is obviously not suitable for surgical applications. Therefore, in this study, the operating frequency is set at 5.8 GHz, which is the ISM frequency, and the wavelength is shortened. In addition, the waveguide is filled with a dielectric material to reduce the cross-sectional size of the waveguide due to the wavelength shortening effect. In this study, we investigated microwave transmission in a waveguide filled with dielectric material and heating characteristics when the waveguide is in contact with biological tissue and microwaves are radiated. Numerical calculation and experiment have confirmed that the proposed device can generate a heating region at the center of the phantom surface.

        Speaker: Tsugumi Nishidate
      • 106
        PB/FB-02 A mmWave RF-EMF exposure sensor for 5G FR2: concept and design

        Next to frequency range 1 (FR1), which convers all frequency bands situated between 410 MHz and 7125 MHz, the fifth generation telecommunication (5G) also introduced the usage of frequency range 2 (FR2). FR2 stretches from 24.25 GHz to 71.0 GHz which is quiet a jump in frequencies compared to the frequencies used for previously deployed technologies (2G, 3G, and 4G). The introduction of this frequency range requires the need for new measurement protocols and equipment to measure radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMFs) exposure induced by 5G communication at these mmWave frequencies. For FR1, several low-cost and compact RF-EMF exposure sensors already exist and are deployed in large scale RF-EMF monitoring networks. But, the concept of the FR1 RF-EMF sensor cannot be replicated to achieve similar performances i.e. similar dynamic range, to monitor FR2 without “breaking the bank” – they are expensive. To realise an FR2 RF-EMF exposure sensor, a novel approach based on a mixer is proposed. Initial testing of the mixer was performed. The next steps of the prototype are also discussed.

        Speaker: Jeroen Van der Straeten
      • 107
        PB/FB-03 Far-field Environmental and Auto-Induced RF-EMF Human Absorption Simulations in Different Phantoms

        This study evaluates human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in far-field conditions using numerical simulations. It distinguishes between environmental exposure (exposure from background RF fields) and auto-induced exposure (where 5G base stations direct beams toward users, increasing exposure levels). Simulations were conducted using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with four anatomical phantoms representing different ages and sexes. Exposure metrics include specific absorption rate (SAR) for frequencies below 6 GHz and surface-absorbed power density (Sab) for frequencies above 6 GHz, following ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. Lower frequencies (<2 GHz) result in higher energy absorption, with children experiencing greater exposure due to smaller body sizes and different dielectric properties. Auto-induced exposure (5G beamforming) leads to 2–3 times higher exposure due to a focusing effect at the same frequency. Millimeter-wave exposure (above 24 GHz) is highly localized on the skin, with significantly reduced penetration compared to lower frequencies.

        Speaker: Robin Wydaeghe
      • 108
        PB/FB-04 A whole-transcriptome approach to determine the effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure in keratinocytes

        The deployment of 5G New Radio (5G-NR) technology has raised concerns about the potential health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the biological impact of 5G-modulated signals remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz (FR1) and 26.5 GHz (FR2) on the gene expression profile of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells.
        Cells were exposed to 5G-NR signals at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg and 1 W/kg for durations of 1, 3, and 24 hours. The 3.5 GHz exposures were conducted using the sXc3500 5G-NR exposure system (IT’IS Foundation) at Sciensano, while 26.5 GHz exposures were performed with a reverberation chamber-based system at CNR-IREA. Post-exposure, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Templated Oligo Sequencing (TempO-Seq) using a Whole Transcriptome Panel. Differential gene expression analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to identify affected biological pathways.
        This study presents preliminary data, employing a whole-transcriptome approach to elucidate the potential biological effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure on human skin cells and improve our understanding on potential health impacts of emerging wireless technologies.

        Speaker: Seppe Segers
      • 109
        PB/FB-05 Evaluation of multi-frequency electromagnetic exposure using an anatomically realistic computational human model

        Modern smartphones simultaneously use multiple frequencies, including dual connectivity technology in 5th generation (5G) that combines LTE and Sub-6 bands, to provide high-speed and stable telecommunications. While single-frequency electromagnetic exposure has been extensively researched, studies on the simultaneous effects of multiple frequencies on the human body remain insufficient at present. Smartphones are used in various scenarios. Of particular interest are increasingly common use cases where devices are positioned near the abdomen, such as during mobile hotspot usage or while streaming videos. In this study, we developed a computational smartphone model capable of simulating multiple frequency exposures. We also conducted electromagnetic exposure assessments using a computational human model, focusing on scenarios where devices are used near the abdomen for data communication.

        Speaker: Homei Fujita
      • 110
        PB/FB-06 Electro-thermal coupled analysis during Electro-Magnetic Apical Treatment reflecting phase transition of saline solution and blood coagulation

        Recently, Electro-Magnetic Root Canal Therapy (EM-RCT) has been proposed as a treatment method for apical periodontitis. Although temperature analysis has been performed in previous studies on this treatment, it has not fully reflected the actual physical properties. Therefore, the authors conducted an analysis that takes into account the phase transition of the saline solution filling the root canal and the coagulation of blood filled in the lesion, and compared the intracanal temperatures when EM-RCT was used. The results showed more realistic temperatures in the tooth, indicating that reflecting these physical conditions is essential for accurate temperature analysis.

        Speaker: Kanta Ushio
      • 111
        PB/FB-07 Measurement of microwave-induced thermoelastic waves using laser Doppler vibrometer ~Surface Vibrations of Dielectric Phantom and Application to Microwave Auditory Effects~.

        Experimental validation of the thermoelastic expansion hypothesis in the microwave auditory effect is crucial. The objective of this study was to induce and measure thermoelastic waves generated on a dielectric phantom simulating the human head when exposed to microwave pulses. The measurement utilized a Laser Doppler Vibrometer based on heterodyne interferometry. The experiment, conducted with 2450 MHz microwave pulses under controlled Pulse Width (PW) [µs], Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) [Hz], and Power [kW] conditions, successfully captured the induced thermoelastic waves within a 3 MHz bandwidth.

        Speaker: Shotaro Inamori
      • 112
        PB/FB-08 The Relationship between Interoception and Response Bias in Electric Field Detection

        In terms of the ongoing transition of electric energy systems, transmission corridors are often upgraded to higher voltages and other technologies leading to another quality of human exposure. This has led to more research on the detection thresholds of electric fields (EF). In the current study, data from Kursawe et al., 2021 were reanalyzed to investigate the relationship between interoception and response bias in EF detection. In total, 203 participants filled out the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA (Mehling et al., 2012)) and were exposed to various types of EF in a whole-body exposure laboratory. A scatter plot analysis of the detection responses revealed some differences in the response criterion for extreme values in the subscales of the MAIA: Not-Worrying, Attention Regulation and Not-Distracting. This investigation can help improve the development of new energy transmission systems and support the understanding of cognitive processes in sensory perception by highlighting potentially relevant factors.

        Speaker: Louis Papstein
      • 113
        PB/FB-09 Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Exposure of Insects at 10 cm from a Dipole Antenna

        The increased exposure of insects to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may have an impact on their health. The RF-EMF absorbed power in certain insects is considerably higher in the range of 6-300 GHz, due to more comparable wavelengths to their size. Likewise, in this range, the near-field interactions between antennas' and certain insects can significantly affect antennas' performance. Thus, in this work, the volume and frequency dependencies of the RF-EMF absorbed power in various insects is evaluated in the range of 6-120 GHz, at a fixed separation distance of 10 cm between the insects and a dipole antenna. Moreover, the effect of these insects on the dipoles' performance is assesed. To this aim, numerical simulations using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) were performed on insect models obtained through micro-CT scanning. These simulation results showed an average absorbed power of 3.1 ± 2.7 mW/W at 6 GHz and of 3.4 ± 2.8 mW/W at 120 GHz. Also, they revealed that the absorbed power increases with increasing insect volume at an approximate rate of 2.5 μW/W∗mm3 at 6 GHz, and of 1.2 μW/W∗mm3 at 120 GHz, and that this rate of increase lowers with increasing frequency. Furthermore, results showed that the dipoles' gain pattern have a dependency on the insects' volume with a stronger dependency for higher frequencies.

        Speaker: David Toribio
      • 114
        PB/FB-10 Analysis of Auditory Characteristics of Repetitive Pulsed Sounds Induced by Microwave Exposure on Microwave Auditory Effect

        This study aimed to investigate the auditory characteristics of the microwave auditory effect by simulating the phenomenon through the presentation of modeled acoustic signals and measuring the minimum audible threshold. The modeling was based on results obtained from simulations of microwave exposure on a human mathematical model, where a sine wave modulated by a window function was used as a unit pulse. The repeated pulse sounds and sine waves derived from this pulse were presented to participants in ascending series. As a result, the dependency of the recorded minimum audible threshold was clarified.

        Speaker: Salam Hadi
      • 115
        PB/FB-11 Assessing the Physiological Effects of 2.45 GHz Radio-frequency Radiation on the Human Skin Bacterium S. epidermidis

        Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at 2.45 GHz, commonly emitted by wireless devices, is ubiquitous in modern environments. While its effects on human health have been extensively studied, its impact on skin-residing bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of EMR exposure on S. epidermidis, focusing on oxidative stress and its consequences on cellular integrity. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl (OH) and superoxide (SO) radicals, along with overall intracellular ROS using the DCFH-DA method. EMR-exposed S. epidermidis exhibited a significant increase in ROS generation compared to sham controls. Membrane integrity was severely compromised, as indicated by increased permeability, leakage of macromolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins, and morphological alterations observed through SEM and TEM imaging. Further biochemical analysis revealed elevated lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, alongside significant DNA damage detected via the comet assay. These findings demonstrate that 2.45 GHz EMR exposure induces oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and DNA fragmentation in S. epidermidis, potentially affecting its role in the skin microbiome and raising concerns about the long-term impact of EMR on cutaneous microbial communities.

        Speaker: Anuj Tomar
      • 116
        PB/FB-12 Magnetoelectric nanorods enabling wireless peripheral nerve recording: a computational study

        Taking advantage of the magnetoelectric effect and the nanometric dimensions of core-shell CFO-BTO magnetoelectric nanoparticles, this study investigated the feasibility of using the nanorod-shaped MENPs as sensing devices for spontaneous peripheral neural activity. A computational approach was used to first characterize the electrical distribution around a single peripheral nerve fiber and to quantify the corresponding nanorod response. In addition, the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the nanorod response was quantified. Our results confirm the potential of using the core-shell nanorod-shaped MENPs as recording tools and represent a first step towards the development of next-generation wireless and minimally invasive components of neuroprosthetic devices.

        Speaker: Valentina Galletta
    • 10:30
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Poster Session B Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

      • 117
        PB/FB-03 Far-field Environmental and Auto-Induced RF-EMF Human Absorption Simulations in Different Phantoms

        This study evaluates human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in far-field conditions using numerical simulations. It distinguishes between environmental exposure (exposure from background RF fields) and auto-induced exposure (where 5G base stations direct beams toward users, increasing exposure levels). Simulations were conducted using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with four anatomical phantoms representing different ages and sexes. Exposure metrics include specific absorption rate (SAR) for frequencies below 6 GHz and surface-absorbed power density (Sab) for frequencies above 6 GHz, following ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. Lower frequencies (<2 GHz) result in higher energy absorption, with children experiencing greater exposure due to smaller body sizes and different dielectric properties. Auto-induced exposure (5G beamforming) leads to 2–3 times higher exposure due to a focusing effect at the same frequency. Millimeter-wave exposure (above 24 GHz) is highly localized on the skin, with significantly reduced penetration compared to lower frequencies.

        Speaker: Robin Wydaeghe
      • 118
        PB/FB-04 A whole-transcriptome approach to determine the effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure in keratinocytes

        The deployment of 5G New Radio (5G-NR) technology has raised concerns about the potential health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the biological impact of 5G-modulated signals remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz (FR1) and 26.5 GHz (FR2) on the gene expression profile of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells.
        Cells were exposed to 5G-NR signals at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg and 1 W/kg for durations of 1, 3, and 24 hours. The 3.5 GHz exposures were conducted using the sXc3500 5G-NR exposure system (IT’IS Foundation) at Sciensano, while 26.5 GHz exposures were performed with a reverberation chamber-based system at CNR-IREA. Post-exposure, cell lysates were collected and analyzed using Templated Oligo Sequencing (TempO-Seq) using a Whole Transcriptome Panel. Differential gene expression analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to identify affected biological pathways.
        This study presents preliminary data, employing a whole-transcriptome approach to elucidate the potential biological effects of 5G-modulated RF-EMF exposure on human skin cells and improve our understanding on potential health impacts of emerging wireless technologies.

        Speaker: Seppe Segers
      • 119
        PB/FB-05 Evaluation of multi-frequency electromagnetic exposure using an anatomically realistic computational human model

        Modern smartphones simultaneously use multiple frequencies, including dual connectivity technology in 5th generation (5G) that combines LTE and Sub-6 bands, to provide high-speed and stable telecommunications. While single-frequency electromagnetic exposure has been extensively researched, studies on the simultaneous effects of multiple frequencies on the human body remain insufficient at present. Smartphones are used in various scenarios. Of particular interest are increasingly common use cases where devices are positioned near the abdomen, such as during mobile hotspot usage or while streaming videos. In this study, we developed a computational smartphone model capable of simulating multiple frequency exposures. We also conducted electromagnetic exposure assessments using a computational human model, focusing on scenarios where devices are used near the abdomen for data communication.

        Speaker: Homei Fujita
      • 120
        PB/FB-01 Feasibility study of a microwave surgical energy device composed of a waveguide

        Microwave surgical energy devices are used for hemostasis and anastomosis in modern surgery. Conventional microwave energy devices use coaxial cables for microwave transmission and radiation. However, with this device structure, the heating region may be elongated and distributed on the surface of biological tissue, which may unnecessarily heat healthy tissue. Therefore, it was considered possible to suppress the spread of the heating region by radiating microwaves directly onto the tissue with the end face of the waveguide. The cross-sectional size of the waveguide is related to the frequency of the radio waves propagating inside it, so it is not possible to simply design a smaller size. In order to propagate microwaves at 2.45 GHz, the operating frequency of the device, the cross section must be 100 × 50 mm2, which is obviously not suitable for surgical applications. Therefore, in this study, the operating frequency is set at 5.8 GHz, which is the ISM frequency, and the wavelength is shortened. In addition, the waveguide is filled with a dielectric material to reduce the cross-sectional size of the waveguide due to the wavelength shortening effect. In this study, we investigated microwave transmission in a waveguide filled with dielectric material and heating characteristics when the waveguide is in contact with biological tissue and microwaves are radiated. Numerical calculation and experiment have confirmed that the proposed device can generate a heating region at the center of the phantom surface.

        Speaker: Tsugumi Nishidate
      • 121
        PB/FB-02 A mmWave RF-EMF exposure sensor for 5G FR2: concept and design

        Next to frequency range 1 (FR1), which convers all frequency bands situated between 410 MHz and 7125 MHz, the fifth generation telecommunication (5G) also introduced the usage of frequency range 2 (FR2). FR2 stretches from 24.25 GHz to 71.0 GHz which is quiet a jump in frequencies compared to the frequencies used for previously deployed technologies (2G, 3G, and 4G). The introduction of this frequency range requires the need for new measurement protocols and equipment to measure radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMFs) exposure induced by 5G communication at these mmWave frequencies. For FR1, several low-cost and compact RF-EMF exposure sensors already exist and are deployed in large scale RF-EMF monitoring networks. But, the concept of the FR1 RF-EMF sensor cannot be replicated to achieve similar performances i.e. similar dynamic range, to monitor FR2 without “breaking the bank” – they are expensive. To realise an FR2 RF-EMF exposure sensor, a novel approach based on a mixer is proposed. Initial testing of the mixer was performed. The next steps of the prototype are also discussed.

        Speaker: Jeroen Van der Straeten
      • 122
        PB/FB-06 Electro-thermal coupled analysis during Electro-Magnetic Apical Treatment reflecting phase transition of saline solution and blood coagulation

        Recently, Electro-Magnetic Root Canal Therapy (EM-RCT) has been proposed as a treatment method for apical periodontitis. Although temperature analysis has been performed in previous studies on this treatment, it has not fully reflected the actual physical properties. Therefore, the authors conducted an analysis that takes into account the phase transition of the saline solution filling the root canal and the coagulation of blood filled in the lesion, and compared the intracanal temperatures when EM-RCT was used. The results showed more realistic temperatures in the tooth, indicating that reflecting these physical conditions is essential for accurate temperature analysis.

        Speaker: Kanta Ushio
      • 123
        PB/FB-07 Measurement of microwave-induced thermoelastic waves using laser Doppler vibrometer ~Surface Vibrations of Dielectric Phantom and Application to Microwave Auditory Effects~.

        Experimental validation of the thermoelastic expansion hypothesis in the microwave auditory effect is crucial. The objective of this study was to induce and measure thermoelastic waves generated on a dielectric phantom simulating the human head when exposed to microwave pulses. The measurement utilized a Laser Doppler Vibrometer based on heterodyne interferometry. The experiment, conducted with 2450 MHz microwave pulses under controlled Pulse Width (PW) [µs], Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) [Hz], and Power [kW] conditions, successfully captured the induced thermoelastic waves within a 3 MHz bandwidth.

        Speaker: Shotaro Inamori
      • 124
        PB/FB-08 The Relationship between Interoception and Response Bias in Electric Field Detection

        In terms of the ongoing transition of electric energy systems, transmission corridors are often upgraded to higher voltages and other technologies leading to another quality of human exposure. This has led to more research on the detection thresholds of electric fields (EF). In the current study, data from Kursawe et al., 2021 were reanalyzed to investigate the relationship between interoception and response bias in EF detection. In total, 203 participants filled out the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA (Mehling et al., 2012)) and were exposed to various types of EF in a whole-body exposure laboratory. A scatter plot analysis of the detection responses revealed some differences in the response criterion for extreme values in the subscales of the MAIA: Not-Worrying, Attention Regulation and Not-Distracting. This investigation can help improve the development of new energy transmission systems and support the understanding of cognitive processes in sensory perception by highlighting potentially relevant factors.

        Speaker: Louis Papstein
      • 125
        PB/FB-09 Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Exposure of Insects at 10 cm from a Dipole Antenna

        The increased exposure of insects to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may have an impact on their health. The RF-EMF absorbed power in certain insects is considerably higher in the range of 6-300 GHz, due to more comparable wavelengths to their size. Likewise, in this range, the near-field interactions between antennas' and certain insects can significantly affect antennas' performance. Thus, in this work, the volume and frequency dependencies of the RF-EMF absorbed power in various insects is evaluated in the range of 6-120 GHz, at a fixed separation distance of 10 cm between the insects and a dipole antenna. Moreover, the effect of these insects on the dipoles' performance is assesed. To this aim, numerical simulations using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) were performed on insect models obtained through micro-CT scanning. These simulation results showed an average absorbed power of 3.1 ± 2.7 mW/W at 6 GHz and of 3.4 ± 2.8 mW/W at 120 GHz. Also, they revealed that the absorbed power increases with increasing insect volume at an approximate rate of 2.5 μW/W∗mm3 at 6 GHz, and of 1.2 μW/W∗mm3 at 120 GHz, and that this rate of increase lowers with increasing frequency. Furthermore, results showed that the dipoles' gain pattern have a dependency on the insects' volume with a stronger dependency for higher frequencies.

        Speaker: David Toribio
      • 126
        PB/FB-10 Analysis of Auditory Characteristics of Repetitive Pulsed Sounds Induced by Microwave Exposure on Microwave Auditory Effect

        This study aimed to investigate the auditory characteristics of the microwave auditory effect by simulating the phenomenon through the presentation of modeled acoustic signals and measuring the minimum audible threshold. The modeling was based on results obtained from simulations of microwave exposure on a human mathematical model, where a sine wave modulated by a window function was used as a unit pulse. The repeated pulse sounds and sine waves derived from this pulse were presented to participants in ascending series. As a result, the dependency of the recorded minimum audible threshold was clarified.

        Speaker: Salam Hadi
      • 127
        PB/FB-11 Assessing the Physiological Effects of 2.45 GHz Radio-frequency Radiation on the Human Skin Bacterium S. epidermidis

        Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at 2.45 GHz, commonly emitted by wireless devices, is ubiquitous in modern environments. While its effects on human health have been extensively studied, its impact on skin-residing bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of EMR exposure on S. epidermidis, focusing on oxidative stress and its consequences on cellular integrity. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl (OH) and superoxide (SO) radicals, along with overall intracellular ROS using the DCFH-DA method. EMR-exposed S. epidermidis exhibited a significant increase in ROS generation compared to sham controls. Membrane integrity was severely compromised, as indicated by increased permeability, leakage of macromolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins, and morphological alterations observed through SEM and TEM imaging. Further biochemical analysis revealed elevated lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, alongside significant DNA damage detected via the comet assay. These findings demonstrate that 2.45 GHz EMR exposure induces oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and DNA fragmentation in S. epidermidis, potentially affecting its role in the skin microbiome and raising concerns about the long-term impact of EMR on cutaneous microbial communities.

        Speaker: Anuj Tomar
      • 128
        PB/FB-12 Magnetoelectric nanorods enabling wireless peripheral nerve recording: a computational study

        Taking advantage of the magnetoelectric effect and the nanometric dimensions of core-shell CFO-BTO magnetoelectric nanoparticles, this study investigated the feasibility of using the nanorod-shaped MENPs as sensing devices for spontaneous peripheral neural activity. A computational approach was used to first characterize the electrical distribution around a single peripheral nerve fiber and to quantify the corresponding nanorod response. In addition, the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the nanorod response was quantified. Our results confirm the potential of using the core-shell nanorod-shaped MENPs as recording tools and represent a first step towards the development of next-generation wireless and minimally invasive components of neuroprosthetic devices.

        Speaker: Valentina Galletta
      • 129
        PB-13 Effect of Blood Flow on Skin Temperature Rise During Local 6 GHz RF-EMF Exposure

        Introduction: Here we present some initial findings examining the role of blood flow in modulating peak skin temperature rise during local 6 GHz RF-EMF exposures in humans. Methods: Ten young adults [5 female; 23 (SD: 3) years] completed two counterbalanced RF-EMF exposures separated by 20 min involving either blood flow occlusion of the arm or time-matched sham occlusion. Skin temperature on the volar forearm was monitored for 6-min followed by RF-EMF exposure with a horn antenna positioned 50 mm from the skin surface for 6-min. For limb occlusion, a pressure cuff placed on the upper arm was inflated to 40-50 mmHg above systolic blood pressure (5 mmHg for sham) 1 min prior to and throughout RF-EMF exposure. Skin temperature and blood flow were continuously tracked using a high-definition thermal camera and laser speckle contrast imager, respectively. Results: There was a significant effect of blood flow on peak skin temperature (P<0.001), which was 1.2°C [95% CI: 0.6, 1.7] higher at end-exposure with occlusion (40.6°C [40.2, 41.1]) compared to sham occlusion (39.4°C [39.1, 39.9], P<0.001). Peak skin temperature at end-exposure increased by 0.9°C [95% CI: 0.7, 1.2] for every 1°C increase in baseline temperature (P<0.001). Conclusion: Skin blood flow played an important role in modulating peak skin temperature rise during brief localized 6 GHz RF-EMF exposures. Our ongoing work will evaluate skin blood flow effects on peak skin temperature rise during prolonged (30-min) exposures sufficient to allow steady-state skin temperature and blood flow responses to fully develop.

        Speaker: Gregory McGarr
      • 130
        PB-14 Reliable Numerical Characterization of Rodent Exposure Imbalances in Large Reverberation Chambers

        Over the past two decades, reverberation chambers (RCs) have been increasingly utilized in large-scale rodent bioassays to study dose-response relationships for cancer and non-cancer biological endpoints. Computational radio-frequency (RF) dosimetry plays a critical role in the design of these studies, influencing key parameters such as RC size, number, cohort size, and exposure frequencies. Given the complexity of modeling animal-loaded RCs, simplified random plane-wave (PW) superposition techniques have often been used, though full-wave characterizations have also been explored.
        This study expands previous research by analyzing the effects of line-of-sight (LoS) elimination in the Università Politecnica delle Marche RC at 900 MHz, modeling 96 caged rodents. Using whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (wbSAR) as the key metric, the study highlights asymmetries in RC exposures, showing higher wbSAR values near the mode-stirrer. The study investigates field diffusers and cage repositioning strategies to mitigate these imbalances.
        Simulations conducted with Transmission-Line Matrix (TLM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) techniques reveal a weaker correlation between wbSAR and rodent mass than previously reported. These findings suggest that real-world RC configurations introduce exposure variations not captured by idealized Rayleigh field models, impacting the interpretation of rodent bioassay results.

        Speaker: Antonio Faraone
      • 131
        PB-15 The study on the Evaluation Method of EMF Human Exposure from 3.5 GHz 5G Base Station using a Drone

        We are developing an AI and big data-based 5G base station EMF prediction method to manage and evaluate an EMF base station, which is expected to increase exponentially after 5G, and to relieve public anxiety about EMF. To secure the reliability of EMF prediction technology through AI learning, it is important to confirm the accuracy of the EMF measurement data of 5G base stations and information such as the output power and radiation patterns of the reference signal (SSB) specification.
        Therefore, a drone measurement equipment capable of measuring EMF in space was developed to verify the EMF radiation patterns and strength of the 5G reference signal. In this paper, a drone especially developed for this purpose was used to verify the EMF radiation pattern and strength of a commercial 5G base station. This confirmed the possibility of using the drone measurement equipment in the EMF measurement and evaluation regulation, and the results were presented.

        Speaker: Donggeun Choi
      • 132
        PB-17 Detection of Cell Membrane Hydration Changes Induced by Pulsed Electric Fields Using Wide-Field CARS Microspectroscopy

        Electropulsation, the application of short, intense electric pulses, is widely used in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and tumor treatment. While previous studies primarily relied on molecular simulations or indirect experimental methods to study membrane permeabilization, this work expands on a novel wide-field Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy approach to investigate hydration changes in cell membranes.
        By integrating Electro-CARS with a grounded coplanar waveguide, the study enables real-time tracking of vibrational modes in lipids and water molecules in human mesenchymal stem cells (HuMSC), murine fibroblasts (DC-3F), and erythrocytes. Two experimental protocols were applied: one for post-electropulsation spectral analysis and another for real-time tracking during electric pulse exposure. Results show that microsecond and nanosecond pulsed electric fields (PEFs) differentially impact membrane hydration, with interstitial and interfacial water dynamics being significantly altered in HuMSC and DC-3F cells. The study also confirms membrane permeabilization through fluorescence microscopy, with real-time monitoring indicating long-term hydration changes in electroporated membranes.
        These findings provide key insights into electropulsation-induced modifications of lipid membranes and water incorporation. The differential responses among cell types highlight the importance of tailored pulse parameters for biomedical applications. Electro-CARS emerges as a powerful, label-free technique for studying electroporation dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution. Future studies will expand the dataset by analyzing additional cell types and optimizing electric pulse parameters for therapeutic applications.

        Speaker: Francesca Camera
      • 133
        PB-18 COMPACT INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEM FOR FAST APD EVALUATION ABOVE 6 GHz

        We present a compact, infrared-based APD measurement system utilizing a solid tissue-equivalent phantom optimized for mmWave dosimetry. By converting absorbed power into a heat pattern measurable by an infrared camera, our system enables fast exposure assessment with high accuracy. The modular design ensures adaptability across different frequency bands, offering a scalable solution for rapid compliance testing. This approach significantly improves the efficiency and speed of APD measurement in a compact and light-weight design.

        Speaker: Massinissa Ziane
      • 134
        PB-19 Temporal variation of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure assessment of wireless cellular communications

        Continuous monitoring of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is important for governments to ensure compliance with regulations, to inform the public, and support epidemiological research studies. We adapted the design of our custom-built RF-EMF exposure monitoring sensor to cover the n48 (3550 MHz – 3700 MHz) and n78 (3300 MHz – 3800 MHz) 5G frequency bands. A total of about 20 RF EMF sensors were installed: two sensors in Greece, one in Germany, and the majority in Belgium. The sensors were primarily installed indoors, in houses and office buildings, across environments ranging from rural to urban areas. These sensors allow to analyze the temporal RF EMF exposure variation over long time periods, e.g., months or even years. A long-term measurement campaign started in February 2024 and will run until the end of March 2025. From this campaign, diurnal exposure profiles will be determined and investigated for each location and environment over various time periods – such as weeks, months, and seasons – and across all four frequency bands. These temporal RF EMF exposure profiles can, for example, be used by regulatory bodies and governmental agencies in EMF exposure assessment procedures or to inform the general public.

        Speaker: Günter Vermeeren
      • 135
        PB-20 The Limit Info Tool for Electromagnetic Fields (EMF-LIT): A User-Friendly Website for Calculating Permissible Values from Selected EMF Regulations

        Electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (EMF) are present in many working environments and in everyday life and can lead to impermissible exposures. A well-founded risk assessment is therefore crucial to ensure the safety of employees and the general public. Various regulations define the permissible exposures to EMF. The regulations differ in their scope of application and sometimes also in the designation of the permissible values, which makes it difficult to select the appropriate regulations and determine the corresponding values. In this context, the Limit-Info-Tool for Electromagnetic Fields (EMF-LIT) was developed to support the assessment of EMF exposures. It is accessible via a website which allows selecting up to six different regulations and provides the permissible values for a frequency of interest. Since the tool was developed in Germany there are three regulations which are only applicable in Germany. The remaining three also have international relevance. There is the European Union (EU) Directive 2013/35/EU addressing occupational safety as well as the EU Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC addressing the general public. Furthermore, there is one regulation which includes permissible values for people with active or passive physical aids. Permissible values are displayed in a table and in a graphic. EMF-LIT is a very helpful, freely available tool which simplifies finding the correct permissible values for EMF risk assessment.

        Speaker: Florian Soyka
      • 136
        PB-21 EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FROM AM RADIO BREADCAST STATIONS AMONG CHILDREN IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE IN THE PERIOD 2002-2013

        The CIRE-RF project (Childhood cancer in relation to RF-EMF from television and radio broadcast stations) aims to investigate potential risks of childhood cancer in relation to RF-EMF from TV and AM/FM radio broadcast stations. The CIRE-RF study is based on a GEOCAP-Diag case-control study which includes 20,344 cases and 60,189 controls recruited between 2002 and 2013 in France. In this abstract we analyse prevalence of exposures to RF-EMF from AM antennas in metropolitan France in the period 2002-2013, among children who did not have cancer at the time of recruitment.
        We identified AM broadcast towers in the vicinity or with substantial impact on exposure levels of each control previously recruited in GEOCAP study. For each study subject, we calculated annual local outdoor average field strength (V/m) at the geocoded addresses of the residence separately for long-wave (LW) and medium-wave (MW) broadcasting frequencies as exposure metrics. The lowest estimated average annual field strength for AM-LF was 0.02 V/m. Fifty percent of the study population was exposed up to 0.09 V/m, 95% up to 0.24 V/m with maximal value reaching 8.99 V/m. For AM-MW transmitters, the lowest estimated average annual field strength for the period 2002-2013 was 0.03 V/m. Fifty percent of the study population was exposed up to 0.12 V/m, 95% up to 0.51 V/m with maximal value reaching 21.14 V/m.
        Further analyses will include description of FM and analogue TV sources, followed by the cancer risk assessment.

        Speaker: Ljubica Zupunski
      • 137
        PB-22 Feasibility assessment of a real-time SAR calculation method in the HF to the low-UHF bands

        In this study, we assess the possibility that, by leveraging on the limitation in the Degrees of Freedom (DOFs) necessary to accurately describe fields within dielectric bodies (i.e., human body), it is possible to implement a fast algorithm for induced E field computation and specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation in the far and radiative near-field regime of an arbitrary source, given its Plane Wave Expansion (PWE). If source data of a complex system is available, e.g., through suitable characterization techniques based on inverse source reconstruction, together with its relative position and orientation, this method could enable real-time numerical dosimetry, especially useful in HF - VHF and low UHF bands.

        Speaker: Micaela Liberti
      • 138
        PB-23 Deep Learning-Based Head Models for Thermal Dosimetry: Comparison Between Segmentation-Based and Segmentation-Free Approaches

        This study compares segmentation-based and segmentation-free deep learning models for assessing localized radiofrequency (RF) exposure in human head models. Unlike conventional segmentation-based models, the segmentation-free model estimates tissue dielectric and thermal properties directly from MRI using deep learning, ensuring smooth transitions between different tissues and capturing the transition of properties within intra-tissue. Finite-difference time-domain method and bioheat transfer equation were used to compute power absorption and temperature rise above 6 GHz. The segmentation-free model showed good consistency with the segmentation-based model in terms of power absorption and temperature rise. Moreover, the segmentation-free model exhibited reduced inter-subject variability. These findings highlight the potential of deep learning-based segmentation-free models in improving RF dosimetry accuracy and reducing computational uncertainty above 6 GHz.

        Speaker: Sachiko Kodera
      • 139
        PB-24 Whole-body Exposure Assessment from 28 GHz Band Beamforming Antennas

        In high-frequency bands such as 28 GHz used in 5G communication systems, base stations are installed closer to users, along with the adoption of beamforming technology. As a result, the human body is exposed to non-uniform electromagnetic fields generated by multiple beams. The ICNIRP guidelines on electromagnetic field exposure limits were revised in 2020, expanding the application range of whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (WBA-SAR) limits from 10 GHz to 300 GHz. Since WBA-SAR is difficult to measure directly, it is important to clarify its correlation with measurable physical quantities through simulation. However, simulations at high frequencies, such as 28 GHz, require enormous computational resources. Therefore, we are investigating a method to efficiently evaluate exposure from beamforming antennas by calculating exposure levels through the superposition of pre-calculated data for various beams. In this study, we propose a method to represent multiple beams as a combination of fewer beams. Using this method, we evaluate the variation in exposure levels according to the beam direction and distance for beams formed by an 8 × 8 element array antenna. The worst-case WBA-SAR values were compared with broadside beam exposure values at each distance. Broadside beam exposure at the height of the chest was lower than worst-case values by 0-10 % for vertical polarization and 2-12% for horizontal polarization across 1 m to 4 m separation distances.

        Speaker: Yujiro Kushiyama
      • 140
        PB-25 The role of the reciprocal regulation between BDNF and NMDAR in microwave radiation-induced abnormal synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons

        The rapid progress in information and telecommunication technology has led to a significant increase in microwave radiation, making it a major source of environmental pollution. As a result, radiation protection is critical in our daily life and for those who work in the electromagnetic field. Of particular significance is the potential impact of microwave radiation on the central nervous system (CNS), several studies suggest a possible link between microwave radiation exposure and CNS alterations. Our research indicates that microwave radiation at 30mW/cm² can lead to an increased release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), which is accompanied by the upregulation of NMDAR and TrkB expression, as well as an increase in the expression of Cortactin and PSD 95 proteins, and enhanced neurotransmitter release. In contrast, microwave radiation at 50mW/cm² results in decreased BDNF release, downregulation of NMDAR and TrkB expression, reduced expression of Cortactin and PSD95 proteins, and diminished neurotransmitter release. The experimental results suggest that microwave radiation may influence synaptic transmission by modulating BDNF expression, which in turn regulates TrkB-pCREB and affects the expression of postsynaptic NMDAR, PSD 95, and Cortactin. Additionally, microwave radiation might regulate pCREB expression through its impact on NMDAR, and affecting the TrkB signaling pathway, finally establishing a bidirectional regulatory mechanism with BDNF. Furthermore, this research highlights the intricate interplay, thereby establishing candidate targets for developing preventive and treatment strategies to mitigate microwave radiation-induced damage.

        Speaker: Xiangjun Hu
      • 141
        PB-26 Low Frequency Magnetic Field Induction Factors for the Hand

        The protection of workers from adverse health effects caused by electromagnetic fields is ensured by the exposure limit values set in the European Workers’ Directive 2013/35/EU in terms of the in situ electric field strength. To simplify the application of this Directive, (more conservative) action levels in terms of the external magnetic flux density have been additionally provided therein. Specific action levels for magnetic field exposure of the limbs were developed using induction factors, however, up to now there is no scientific evidence available to what extent the latter can be considered conservative for magnetic field exposure of the hand.
        Since highly localized magnetic field exposure, especially for the hands, occurs at many workplaces, this issue needs to be addressed. Examples for such exposure scenarios are in the powerful hand-held machinery (e.g. welding), induction heating, de-magnetization, and deactivation of single-use labels for electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems. In our current work, we execute systematic numerical computations for uniform magnetic field exposure of various anatomical hand models to derive robust induction factors for the hand that can be used in occupational exposure assessments.

        Speaker: Pia Schneeweiss
      • 142
        PB-27 Simulation Study on the Rapid Cranial Contour Measurement Algorithm to Improve the Focusing of Transcranial Magneto-Acoustic Stimulation

        This study proposes a rapid cranial contour measurement algorithm for Transcranial Magneto-Acoustic Stimulation (TMAS) using a phased-array synthetic aperture technique. The goal is to address issues with focusing ultrasound through the skull, which is a heterogeneous medium that causes focus displacement and defocusing. Current methods like MRI and CT scans are time-consuming and costly, and CT involves harmful ionizing radiation. The algorithm utilizes ultrasound phased-array technology to measure the skull's inner and outer contours and calibrates the skull to improve focus precision. Simulation results showed that the algorithm can complete accurate contour measurements within 2 minutes, with a maximum detection error of 1 mm. After applying this algorithm, the stimulation electric field focus in TMAS improved by 10%, and the electric field intensity at the focal point increased by 1.6 times. This method reduces both treatment cost and time compared to MRI and CT, offering a faster, non-invasive alternative for real-time skull calibration and precise focusing in TMAS. The study provides new directions for advancing TMAS technology, eliminating the need for CT or MRI scans and enabling more efficient neuromodulation treatments.

        Speaker: Ren Ma
      • 143
        PB-28 Evaluation of the acute effects of a 50 Hz magnetic field on ischemic skin blood flow in the sole induced by compression fixation

        In recent years in Japan, 50/60 Hz magnetic therapy has attracted attention for improving blood circulation and recovery from muscle fatigue. However, its effectiveness in pressure sores has not yet been fully verified. In this study, we investigated the effect of a 50 Hz magnetic field (MF; Brms127 mT for 10 min) on ischemic circulation induced in the sole of the left foot. Ankle weights (3 kg) were attached around the left calf, to reproduce the conditions for early-stage pressure ulcers. Skin blood flow volume in the sole was monitored for 70 min using 2D laser speckle flowmetry in six healthy adult males recruited for this study. Each participant was positioned supine on a bed, and the left lower leg was compressed and immobilized with ankle weights for 60 min, causing a decrease in blood flow volume values. The heel and ankle were exposed to an MF for 10 min, and the blood flow volume values in the sole were analyzed. The results indicated that the MF rapidly increased and restored the decreased blood flow volume values. In addition, these significant effects were sustained in the rearfoot region for 40 min after the end of the exposure.

        Speaker: Hideyuki Okano
      • 144
        PB-29 Measurement and assessment of magnetic field exposure during conductive charging of electric vehicles

        Extensive systematic measurements concerning magnetic field exposure of persons during the charging of passenger vehicles with electric drive systems were carried out. Areas both inside and outside the vehicles in their immediate vicinity and close to the charging infrastructure were considered. Magnetic fields occurring during conductive charging of electric vehicles were systematically measured and assessed for a variety of different vehicle-to-charging-point combinations, considering all presently relevant modes of AC and DC charging. The measurements showed that reference levels according to EC recommendation 1999/519/EC and ICNIRP 2010 may be locally and temporarily substantially exceeded in accessible areas during AC charging, caused by transient magnetic fields in the initial phase of the charging process (typically in the time interval 2 - 5 seconds after starting the charging). During the stationary phase of charging, which can be assumed from about 10 seconds after starting the charging process, maximum measured magnetic flux densities inside the vehicles were below the reference levels. Directly along the charging cables and at the surface of the charging plug, the reference levels for the general public were slightly exceeded even during the stationary charging phase.

        Speaker: Gernot Schmid
      • 145
        PB-30 EMF Exposure assessment in logistic industrial sector due to Private 5G Networks

        First real private 5G networks are being deployed to support the industry 4.0 transition. To obtain an insight of the workers EMF exposure emitted by 5G private networks, analysis of RF EMF due to 5G equipment was carried on a real case scenario in the logistic industrial sector - warehouse.
        The industrial private standalone (SA) 5G network is located inside the warehouse. It operates in the 3500 MHz frequency band. Four pico remote radio heads are mounter under the ceiling and spread over entire warehouse building.
        RF EMF measurements were done with the spectrum analyser Narda SRM 3006 with the antenna Narda 3502/01. By extrapolating the measured value of the reference signal RS the worst-case exposure conditions under full load of base station were determined. Numerical calculations were carried out by a Narda EFC 400 program package and by a numerical tool developed in MATLAB, both are based on ray tracing method.
        RF EMF measurement results clearly show that the electric field strength values were low on all workers accessible locations in the warehouse. The maximum measured or calculated value was below 2 V/m. This is well below the Directive 2013/35/EU action values of 140 V/m as well as the 1999/519/EC reference levels of 61 V/m which should be used for workers at particular risks (workers wearing active or passive implanted or body worn medical devices, pregnant workers).
        Comparison of results obtained by different methods show acceptable agreements between the results.

        Speaker: Blaž Valič
      • 146
        PB-31 Design and Measurement of a 265 GHz Sub-terahertz Optical System for Exposure Experiments Using a Gyrotron

        This study presents the development of a sub-THz optical system for exposure experiments on corneal tissues at 265 GHz using a high-power gyrotron. The optical system includes phase-correcting mirrors, flat mirrors, an elliptical mirror, lenses, and a power control module. The target beam is designed to achieve a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 4–6 mm and a vertical polarization direction at the sample position. Radiation patterns were measured using an infrared camera, and the FWHM of the beam was estimated to be 6.4 mm and 5.1 mm in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The results demonstrate that the beam size is useful for exposure experiments.

        Speaker: Masafumi Fukunari
      • 147
        PB-32 Effects of 5G RF-EMF exposure on DNA damage of skin cells following UV exposure

        This study investigates the impact of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) on DNA damage in skin cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and the mouse melanoma cell line B16 were exposed to UVA or UVB radiation, followed by RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz (4 W/kg SAR for 24 hours). The effects on cell viability, DNA damage markers, and cellular response to DNA repair were assessed. While RF-EMF exposure did not affect cell viability, UV exposure significantly decreased cell viability and increased the levels of γH2AX (a DNA damage marker) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both cell lines. Notably, exposure to RF-EMFs after UV exposure reduced γH2AX levels and ROS production. Additionally, UV-induced activation of p38 MAPK was significantly reduced by RF-EMF exposure. The study suggests that 5G RF-EMFs may influence DNA damage and repair processes by affecting the p38 MAPK pathway, potentially altering the cellular response to UV-induced DNA damage.

        Speaker: Hak Rim Kim
      • 148
        PB-34 Study of the effects of co-exposure to a 5G modulated signal and ultraviolet radiation on human lens epithelial cells

        In the last years, the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) of mobile communication technology is receiving considerable attention for the potential harmful effects particularly when combined with other environmental exposures like UV radiation. This study focuses on assessing the cytotoxic effects of exposure to a 26.5 GHz, 5G modulated signal either alone or in combination with UVB radiation, on human lens epithelial cells. Lens B3 cell model was chosen given the low penetration depth of the frequency of interest and the implication of UV radiation in a spectrum of ocular pathologies.
        A reverberation chamber-based exposure setup, well characterized in terms of dosimetry and environmental parameters, was used for 5G RF exposure, while a customized UV exposure system was designed and realized to deliver specific UVB radiation (280–320 nm).
        No effects of RF exposure alone and in combination with UVB were detected in terms of cell viability, although further investigations are planned by changing the SAR level and the UVB dose. The experiments to evaluate the effects of RF exposure/co-exposure in terms of oxidative stress are in progress and will be presented at the BioEM conference.

        Speaker: Valentina Peluso
      • 149
        PB-35 Moderating effect of sensory processing sensitivity on the relationship of electrohypersensitivity on anxiety and depressive disorders

        Electrohypersensitivity (EHS) refers to a syndrome where individuals attribute various symptoms to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), despite the lack of validated clinical or biological evidence. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies this sensitivity under idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI). The “nocebo” hypothesis, where the expectation of negative effects leads to symptoms, is often proposed, though it does not explain all cases. Some researchers suggest that pre-existing symptoms are later reinterpreted as being caused by EMF. Additionally, temperamental traits, such as high sensory-processing sensitivity (HSPS), have been linked to environmental syndromes, including EHS.
        Eighty-seven participants were included into four groups: EHS, EHS?, SNS, and non-EHS. EHS was additionally assessed using a score based on the impact of EMF in daily life and the number of symptoms reported. Sensory sensitivity was measured with the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS), and anxiety and depression were evaluated using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales.
        Depression score was significantly higher in EHS individuals compared to the other groups, and positively influenced by HSPS. Moderation analysis revealed that the relationship between self-assessed sensitivity and the depression score was moderated by HSPS scores. However, no influence was found between HSPS and anxiety score.
        This study highlights the complexity of the relationship between EHS, sensory sensitivity, and the depression score. However, the small sample size and the COVID-19 context limit the generalizability of the findings. Longitudinal studies are needed to further explore these relationships.

        Speaker: Maryse Ledent
      • 150
        PB-36 Measurement of Exposure Levels to RF Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Smart Meters

        The Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) conducts measurements of magnetic fields (magnetic flux density) generated by electric power facilities and household appliances, and other sources. The results of these measurements are published to facilitate effective risk communication regarding EMFs.
        The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan's leading public research institution specializing in the field of information and communications technology, has been conducting research on acquiring, accumulating, and utilizing data related to radio-frequency (RF) exposure levels since 2019.
        In recent years, smart meters (SMs) equipped with wireless communication capabilities have replaced conventional electricity meters, with nearly all meters now transitioned to SMs.
        Despite their widespread adoption, concerns persist among some individuals regarding the potential health effects of RF EMF exposure.
        Moreover, there is a limited number of measurement reports on RF EMFs emitted by SMs in Japan.
        To address this gap, we conducted measurements of the electric field (E-field) strength of RF EMFs emitted by SMs operating primarily in the 920 MHz band, which is commonly used in Japan.
        The E-field strength emitted by SMs ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 V/m (6-minute average), significantly lower than the reference level for the general public exposure to EMF recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
        These findings provide valuable data for effective risk communication with the general public regarding EMFs and may contribute to alleviating public concerns through evidence-based explanations.

        Speaker: Norihiro Minami
      • 151
        PB-37 Comparative Assessment of SAR Values in 4G LTE and 5G Sub-6GHz Bands Using Scanning and Array SAR Systems

        This study compares SAR measurements between scanning and array SAR systems in 4G LTE and 5G Sub-6GHz bands. The research used DASY 6 as the scanning system and two array systems (cSAR3D and ART-MAN v2) to measure eight test-mode smartphones under approximately 750 conditions. Measurements were conducted using left-head, right-head, and flat phantoms, with assessments at cheek and tilt positions for head phantoms and various offset distances (0mm, 5mm, 10mm) for flat phantoms. The study set expanded uncertainty at 40% for both systems. In this presentation, we will discuss the analysis and discussion of the comparative results.

        Speaker: Tomoaki Nagaoka
      • 152
        PB-38 Toward Accurate Dosimetry in Epidemiological Studies: Realistic 5G Smartphone Usage Modelling for Children and Adolescents

        In the face of rapidly expanding 5G technology and an ever-increasing number of IoT devices, children today are beginning to use smartphones at younger ages, leading to heightened concerns about radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure. While conventional dosimetry evaluations often focus on worst-case conditions—such as maximum transmission power right next to the head—accurate assessments for epidemiological research require modeling realistic, everyday usage scenarios. To address this need, this study employed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations at 1.95 GHz (4G) and 3.65 GHz (5G) using numerical body models representing a six-year-old boy and a fourteen-year-old boy. Each model was assigned three seated postures that reflect common smartphone usage: holding the device vertically or horizontally in front of the face, and holding it beside the head. The simulations assumed an antenna input power of 20 dBm and calculated the 10 g localized Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). While the highest SAR values typically appeared in the left hand or arm—the regions closest to the phone—these values remained well below the 4 W/kg guideline reference level, at most only around 9% of that limit. Notably, although there was minimal difference between child and adolescent models, the 1.95 GHz scenario produced higher SAR values than the 3.65 GHz case, attributable to differences in radiated electric fields. By capturing realistic device usage and user posture, these findings help refine dosimetry models for epidemiological studies, ultimately providing more meaningful insights into potential health effects than worst-case evaluations alone.

        Speaker: Takashi Hikage
      • 153
        PB-39 Analysis of RF-EMF Measurement Results in High-occupancy Facilities

        In this paper, we analyzed the RF-EMF measurement results of the high-occupancy facilities.
        From 2023 to 2024, we selected 995 High-occupancy Facilities. The results of the RF-EMF measurement were conducted in parallel with two devices.
        First, RF-EMF measurement was selected the points where RF-EMF exposure was expected to be high and measured for 1 to 6 minutes at the heights of 1.1m, 1.5m, and 1.7m, and calculated the maximum measurements using Narda SRM-3006 devices.
        Inaddition, we measured the RF-EMF according to relevant standards at six-minute intervals for 24 hours during 3-month and calculated as the RMS average.
        According to the measurement results, the RF-EMF of the High-occupancy facilities was found to be very low, up to 2.41 V/m, compared to the ICNIRP guidelines. There were no cases of RF-EMF exceeding the human protection standards.
        To alleviate public anxiety regarding RF-EMF exposure, it seems necessary to expand RF-EMF measurement services to allow everyone to experience the results firsthand by disclosing the measurement results of various facilities.

        Speaker: KANG JI HYE
      • 154
        PB-40 Effects of 28 GHz quasi-millimeter wave on warm sensation in the human back skin of volunteers

        There is little information on the biological effects of millimeter waves (MMW), such as those used in 5th generation (5G) wireless systems and WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad), on the human body. In our previous pilot study, we designed a system to broadly expose the human back to a 28 GHz plane wave, monitored skin temperature during exposure, and found that the exposure induced changes in both back skin temperature. The aim of this study was to determine whether wide-area exposure to 28 GHz quasi-MMW on the back skin of human volunteers induces warm sensation and to identify the threshold for its occurrence.

        Speaker: Tatsuya Ishitake
      • 155
        PB-41 E-field probe calibration method using the μ-EO probe above 6 GHz

        As 5G commercialization progresses and 6G development advances, the frequencies used in mobile communication now exceed 6 GHz. The calibration of E-field probes below 6 GHz typically employs standard electric field generators such as TEM cells. However, above 6 GHz, the size of the E-field probe is relatively large compared to the size of the waveguide, making it impractical to insert the E-field probe into the waveguide for measurement. But μ-EO probe size(0.3 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.1 mm) is small enough to be inserted a waveguide. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for calibrating E-field probes in frequency bands above 6 GHz using a μ-EO probe

        Speaker: Youngjun Ju
      • 156
        PB-67(3) INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ON RISK PERCEPTION OF EMF AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN JAPAN, POLAND, AND GERMANY

        Electromagnetic fields (EMF) occur naturally (e.g., geomagnetic field) but have significantly increased due to technologies like electricity, wireless communications, and medical applications. Today, people are widely exposed to EMF from sources such as power lines, appliances, broadcasting facilities, mobile phones, and Wi-Fi, raising concerns about potential health effects.
        The European Commission conducted EMF risk perception surveys in 2006 and 2010. With advancements, diversification and penetration in EMF technology, it is crucial to reassess public risk perception of EMF health effects and develop effective risk communication methods, either globally or tailored to specific countries. In 2023, Japan, Germany, and Poland established a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to strengthen partnerships for improving EMF risk communication and disseminating scientifically sound information. With a common questionnaire, surveys based on this MoU were conducted in the three countries in 2024. The survey content was divided into "common survey items" and "country-specific survey items." The common survey items included risk perception of EMF sources, understanding of the health effects of EMF exposure, trust in sources of risk information related to EMF, preferred sources of EMF-related information, and risk perception of other environmental factors beyond EMF. The survey was conducted by categorizing respondents by gender and age groups, with over 1,000 participants in each country. Regarding the survey methods, Japan used an internet-based approach, while Germany and Poland adopted the CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing) methodology. Each country will present their results independently, yet it is preferable to cluster the presentations or posters.

        Speaker: Chiyoji Ohkubo
      • 157
        PB-16 CHALLENGES IN ENHANCING PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS (PEF) ELECTROPORATION USING CONDUCTIVE NANOPARTICLES: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

        Conductive nanoparticles (NPs) can potentially enhance pulsed electric field (PEF) electroporation by locally amplifying the electric field at the cell membrane. Theoretical models predict significant field enhancement with elongated conductive NPs, yet translating these advantages into practical applications remains challenging. This study investigates the combination of high-intensity nanosecond PEF (nsPEF) with gold and silica-coated iron oxide NPs to improve cellular electroporation efficiency.
        Numerical simulations assess the impact of NP properties—such as shape, size, orientation, and proximity to the membrane—on electroporation efficiency. Experimental validation is performed using human cancer multicellular spheroids (MCSs) exposed to 500 pulses of 10 ns at 20 Hz with electric field intensities of 25 and 50 kV/cm. Propidium iodide (PI) uptake is monitored as an indicator of membrane permeabilization.
        Preliminary simulations confirm localized electric field enhancement with AuNPs, yet experimental results reveal challenges in achieving reproducible biological outcomes. While gold NPs showed no detectable PI uptake enhancement, magnetic nanochains exhibited a slight increase in electroporation efficiency when aligned via an external magnetic field. These findings highlight the critical role of NP stability, incubation conditions, and pulse parameters in optimizing electroporation.
        This study underscores the complexity of integrating conductive NPs into nsPEF protocols and the need for further investigations to refine experimental conditions.

        Speaker: Rosa Orlacchio
      • 158
        PB-33 Radiofrequency, LTE signal exposure does not alter cancer-related endpoints in human neuroblastoma cell model either alone, or in combination with WiFi signal or menadione.

        Despite the long-term evolution (LTE) signal, also known as fourth generation (4G) technology, is the most employed system for telecommunications and is widely deployed, only a few in vitro studies are related to exposure to LTE alone and in combination with other agents. To the best of our knowledge, the effect of simultaneous exposure to 4G LTE with other frequencies/signals has not been evaluated in any of these studies.
        In the present work, undertaken in the framework of the EU-funded NextGEM project, we investigated the non-thermal carcinogenic effect of LTE signal under a realistic scenario. Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were exposed for three hours to 1950 MHz LTE signal, either alone or in combination with the chemical agent menadione (MD). Moreover, the effect of simultaneous exposure to 1950 MHz, 4G LTE signal and 2450 MHz Wireless-Fidelity (WiFi) signal was also evaluated to account for any possible effect due to the co-existence of these frequencies/signals in a realistic radio frequency exposure scenario. A waveguide-based exposure system, well characterized from dosimetric and experimental point of view, was used, and two SAR levels were tested in all cases. Cancer-related endpoints such as reactive oxygen species formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were assessed in flow cytometry assays. In our experimental conditions, neither LTE exposure alone nor multiple LTE and WiFi exposure or LTE and MD co-exposure influenced the investigated cellular parameters in SH-SY5Y cells.

        Speaker: Olga Zeni
      • 159
        PB-42 Weak radiofrequency field effects on biological systems mediated through the radical pair mechanism – A review

        The radical pair mechanism is one of the most intensely discussed quantum effects in biology: Pairs of radicals form short-lived spin-correlated states, whose coherent interconversion can be altered by external magnetic fields. Although well-known in spin chemistry and avian magnetoreception, it is not clear whether this effect plays any role in processes relevant to human biology and could potentially be relevant for radiation protection. The simulation of radical pairs exposed to time-dependent magnetic fields in biologically reasonable environments is a major computational challenge. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of current theoretical models and computational tools to calculate effects of weak radiofrequency magnetic fields on radical pairs in large spin systems. Together with an assessment of the individual methods with respect to their efficiency in specific biological scenarios, we provide orientation for future computational models and ultimately aim to support hypothesis-driven research in the area of magnetic field effects in biological systems.

        Speaker: Andreas Deser
      • 160
        PB-44 IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD LEVELS ON ROOFTOPS IN GREECE: A 2022-2024 ANALYSIS OF THE 5G NR FR1 CONTRIBUTION

        This study presents an analysis of the radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure levels derived by 2,639 in-situ measurements conducted in Greece, mainly on rooftops, from 2022-2024. The measurements cover the frequency span 420 - 6,000 MHz. Emphasis is placed on the 5th Generation (5G NR) emerging technology at 3.5 GHz (FR1) and its contribution to the total field value. Descriptive statistics are applied to assess the annual variation of the RF EMF levels along with the 5G network deployment in Greece. Additionally, correlations between the population density and the measured EMF levels are examined in all 13 administrative regions of Greece. The findings provide useful insights into the evolving RF EMF landscape and the expansion of 5G technology.

        Speaker: MARIA CHRISTOPOULOU
      • 161
        PB-45 Reduction of body effect RF EMF sensor with back reflector

        The paper presents a comparison between two typologies of antennas used in sensor for wearable RF EMF devices, i.e., a Vivaldi antenna and a lens based antenna with back reflecting cavity. The second topology is proposed as its removal of radiation in the negative half of the hemisphere, due to the back reflecting cavity, allows to reduce body effect variations. Here we present the initial analysis based on EM simulations of the two sensors topology. Further validation based on measurement results will be presented during the conference.

        Speaker: Marco Spirito
      • 162
        PB-46 Microwave radiation ameliorates cognitive deficits and brain pathological changes in 5×FAD mice by enhancing gamma oscillations

        Our preliminary research has demonstrated that microwave radiation can improve cognitive function and pathological changes in APP/PS1 mice. However, the effects of microwave on gamma oscillations, and the mechanisms of microwave on cognitive function and pathology in AD mice remain unclear. In the study, patch-clamp technique was employed in brain slices from 5×FAD mice to identify microwave parameters enhancing gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. Subsequently, microwave conditions which could augment hippocampus gamma oscillations in 5×FAD mice were further explored. Then the novel object recognition and Y-maze novel arm tasks were utilized to assess the cognition in 5×FAD mice, and brain pathology in 5×FAD mice was evaluated using immunofluorescence. The experimental results showed that specific conditions (900 MHz, repetition frequency of 40 Hz) of microwave enhanced gamma oscillations in brain slices and in CA1 and prefrontal cortex of hippocampus in 5×FAD mice. The novel object recognition and Y-maze tests revealed that four weeks of continuous microwave exposure or intermittent microwave exposure (microwave for 2 weeks and stop for 2 weeks, then microwave for 2 weeks), 1h/d, significantly improved spatial and working memory in 5×FAD mice. And Aβ and p-Tau levels in brain reduced, with cognitive and pathological improvements which maintained for two months after cessation of microwave irradiation.

        Speaker: Lifeng Wang
      • 163
        PB-47 COMBINED WLAN AND WWAN EXPOSURE SCENARIO FOR DEVICES USED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE HUMAN BODY

        The usage of radioelectric devices close to human body become a daily routine and a simple device that was used in the past for only one function, became a centralized node with multiple simultaneous connections. A radioelectric device such as smartphone, can be connected simultaneously with a smart watch, VR glasses and a network operator thanks to several antennas embedded in the device and emitting simultaneously on WiFi, Bluetooth and WWAN bands. This study explores combination technics regarding uncorrelated muliti-transmitters. These measurements results were collected at ANFR SAR laboratory.

        Speaker: Ramdani Mehdi
      • 164
        PB-48 Exploring RF-EMF Exposure in 5G Networks: Instantaneous vs Theoretical Maximum Analysis in Valencia

        The deployment of 5G technology demands robust methodologies to assess radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure under real-world conditions. This study evaluates RF-EMF exposure through a dual approach: instantaneous measurements with personal exposimeters and theoretical maximum exposure calculated via code-selective methodologies. Data collection was conducted at 16 strategically selected sites on the campus of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, encompassing diverse urban and semiurban scenarios. Measurements were taken under both low-traffic and high-traffic conditions, simulating real and peak network usage.
        Results demonstrate that exposure levels remain significantly below ICNIRP safety thresholds, even under scenarios of maximum network demand, confirming the safe implementation of 5G networks. Spatial analysis, conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Kriging interpolation, facilitated the creation of high-resolution exposure maps. These maps offer a clear visualization of exposure distribution and variability across the study area, enabling a deeper understanding of RF-EMF exposure patterns in complex environments.
        By combining direct measurement with theoretical extrapolation and incorporating advanced spatial analysis techniques, this study provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating RF-EMF exposure in 5G networks. The findings not only confirm the safety of 5G infrastructure but also emphasize the importance of integrating geospatial tools to improve exposure assessment and risk communication. This methodology offers a valuable resource for public health stakeholders and supports informed decision-making in the deployment of next-generation telecommunications technology.

        Speaker: Alberto Najera
      • 165
        PB-49 Exposure Assessment Study in 6G RIS-Equipped Indoor Scenario

        This study investigates electromagnetic exposure assessment in an indoor environment equipped with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) for 6G communications, focusing on FR1 frequency band implementations. Electric field distributions and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in a three-room office environment was assessed. The analysis employed ray tracing to calculate electromagnetic fields in the studies environment generated by a 10-by-10 RIS array operating at 5 GHz. Four anatomical models from the Virtual Population, representing diverse age groups (6-34 years), were utilized to assess whole-body and brain SAR through a two-step calculation methodology. Results revealed significant model-dependent variations in exposure patterns, with maximum SARwb reaching 2.9 mW/kg in adult male model and SARbrain at 0.7 mW/kg in the female teenager. Spatial distribution analysis, quantified through kurtosis and coefficient of variation metrics, demonstrated that exposure patterns were primarily concentrated along beam focal directions, with adult models exhibiting greater variability in terms of exposure levels than younger subjects. Notably, this study evidenced that non-users positioned along beam trajectories might be the potentially exposed to higher levels than users in the RIS-equipped room. All exposure values remained well below ICNIRP Guidelines, suggesting compliance with international safety standards.

        Speaker: Silvia Gallucci
      • 166
        PB-50 The prevention and treatment effect of Ginkgo biloba flower extract on brain injury of rats induced by microwave radiation

        Ginkgo biloba flower extract (GBF) is the extract of Gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba male flower rich in active ingredients. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of GBF on brain injury caused by microwave radiation in rats. The experimental results demonstrated that GBF can significantly shorten the average escape latency (AEL) of irradiated rats and so effectively improve brain spatial learning and memory dysfunction caused by microwave radiation in rats. Furthermore, it was observed that GBF can improve abnormal blood routine: white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), lymphocyte percentage (LYM%), neutrophil percentage (NEU%), as well as hemoglobin (HGB), and alleviate the disorder of blood biochemistry: the glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), triglyceride (TG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). After GBF treatment, 13 kinds of abnormal lipid metabolites covered phosphatidylcholines (PCs), sphingomyelins (SMs), and triglycerides (TGs) caused by microwave radiation were significantly regulated. Our study will provide a scientific basis for the development of a new anti-microwave agent targeting cerebral protection.

        Speaker: Shuchen Liu
      • 167
        PB-51 Comparison of Body Temperature Dynamics under Continuous and Intermittent Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure in Rats

        This study investigated the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on body temperature, comparing continuous and intermittent exposure modes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=58) were exposed to a 915 MHz LTE signal in a small-animal reverberation chamber. The whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR) was set at levels sufficient to induce a temperature increase of more than 1°C. A temperature transponder (IPTT-300) was subcutaneously implanted in the interscapular region three days before exposure. For continuous exposure, rats were divided into four groups (0 W/kg, n=6; 4, 6, and 8 W/kg, n=6 each) and exposed for 9 hours. For intermittent exposure, two groups (0 W/kg, n=4; 8 W/kg, n=6) were exposed for 10 hours in a 10-minute on/off cycle. Body core temperature was measured rectally, while interscapular subcutaneous temperature was monitored non-invasively using the transponder. Measurements were taken hourly in the continuous exposure groups and every two hours in the intermittent exposure groups. There was no significant difference between rectal and interscapular subcutaneous temperatures in terms of absolute values and dynamics. However, the pattern of temperature change differed between continuous and intermittent exposure, despite an overall temperature increase in all rats exposed to 8 W/kg wbSAR. In conclusion, body temperature dynamics were influenced by the mode of RF exposure. The interscapular subcutaneous temperature closely reflected the rectal core temperature. This consistency of thermal responses across the two measurement sites led us to consider the possibility of non-invasive measurement alternatives.

        Speaker: Hye Sun Kim
      • 169
        PB-54 EFFECT OF 5G SIGNALS AT THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR LEVEL

        In recent decades, the availability and use of wireless communication technology has grown exponentially in a wide range of internet-connected consumer devices, such as mobile phones, supporting the demand for high-speed networks. To meet this demand, the 5th generation mobile network (5G) is being developed and deployed. This new communications model will enable bandwidths of 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) and beyond.
        Radio frequency antennas are needed to enable the exchange between devices and the network. 5G can use a wide range of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) between 700 and 6 000 MHz and high frequency bands between 3.5 and 3.8 GHz, as well as millimetre waves in the range of 24 to 29 GHz and possibly higher in the future. The propagation characteristics of radio waves at such high frequencies are very different from those at lower frequencies. Humans and animals are therefore exposed to these RF-EMF and some of them can penetrate the body and be absorbed in tissues. Despite research on these RF-EMFs, little is known about the effects of long-term exposure on human health. 5G waves are mainly absorbed at the surface of the body, so we wonder about the possible effects of 5G waves on the skin. Among these, tissue heating due to dielectric relaxation is well characterised, but other mechanisms such as oxidative stress are controversial. In this project, we will investigate the effects of RF-EMF at 26 GHz on oxidative stress in skin cells and its molecular and cellular consequences.

        Speaker: Coralie CAYRON
      • 170
        PB-55 The impact of the human body on the parameters of emission from wireless body-worn communication antenna used in various locations

        The investigations examined the impact of particular body parts (from both simplified and anatomically based models) on the parameters of radiation from the radiofrequency communication module (the parameters of performance of the modelled antenna operating at 2.45 GHz frequency) and the associated SAR. The preliminary results of these ongoing studies, obtained for an antenna-to-body distance of 2 mm, showed a reduction in a body-worn device’s antenna gain by (80-95)%, and an increase in the S11-linearly parameter by (20-35)% compared to the device operating in free space, while maintaining the same input power to antenna. They also revealed up to 30% variations of 10g-SAR in various adjacent body sections (head, arm, forearm).

        Speaker: Patryk Zradziński
      • 171
        PB-56 Exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields prevents DNA damage induced by human cytomegalovirus infection in human fetal lung fibroblasts

        The increasing presence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power lines and various electronic devices has raised significant concerns about their potential impact on human health. Despite numerous studies, the effects of EMFs on viral pathogenicity remain unclear. Given the substantial threat posed by viruses to human health, further investigation into this area is warranted. In this study, we conducted a preliminary in vitro investigation of the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (MFs) exposure on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected human fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). Our findings indicate that exposure to 50 Hz MFs at 0.4 mT for 24 hours significantly reduces DNA damage caused by HCMV infection. These results suggest that 50 Hz MFs can influence DNA damage in HCMV-infected host cells; however, the underlying mechanisms and potential associations with related diseases require further research.

        Speaker: Ying Zhu
      • 172
        PB-57 A Simulation-Based Study to Investigate Antenna Input Voltage Effects on Skin Temperature Rise from Localized 6 GHz RF-EMF Exposure

        This study conducts a simulation-based analysis of temperature rise (TR) in a limb tissue model exposed to 6 GHz EM fields using the Sim4Life FDTD solver. A half-wavelength dipole antenna is utilized to generate and measure the electromagnetic field distribution within a three-layer tissue model consisting of skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and muscle. The study is carried out in two phases. In the first phase, detailed EM simulations are performed to compute the TR on the tissue model's surface for each input voltage of the antenna source. The second phase examines the corresponding SAR and APD for each input voltage.

        Speaker: Abdelelah Alzahed
      • 173
        PB-58 Evaluation of stimulus response and induced electric fields inside three-dimensional neuronal networks by power-frequency magnetic field exposure

        Exposure to a low-frequency and high-intensity magnetic field (MF) induces an electric field inside the human body, producing stimulus effects such as synaptic modulation. To detect the stimulus effects of low-frequency MF exposure in real-time, we previously developed a non-conductive optical fiber imaging system which was unaffected by MF. However, the effects of the optical fiber on the induced electric field (iEF) within the neural tissue were not well understood. Here, we developed a numerical model consisting of voxels with a spatial resolution on the order of micrometers. Using this model, we evaluated iEF inside a three-dimensional neuronal tissue, called neural spheroid, under 50, 300 mT(rms) MF exposure. We also evaluated the effect of optical fiber on the iEF distribution within the neural spheroid. As a result, the iEF in the neural spheroid was more than 1.5 V/m(peak), well above the theoretical threshold of synaptic modulation (< 0.1 V/m(peak)), and the effect of the optical fiber on the iEF was minimal. These results indicate that our experimental system is suitable for evaluating the threshold of synaptic modulation. Based on our recent experimental results, we will discuss the threshold of MF exposure-related synaptic modulation on the cultured neuronal network.

        Speaker: Atsushi Saito
      • 174
        PB-59 한국 공공시설의 RF-EMF 측정 결과

        We measured the RF-EMF exposure in a total 3,715 public facilities, including childcare centers, educatonal institutions, welfare facilities used by socially vulnerable groups, and multi-use facilities accessible to the general public. And we presented the RF-EMF exposure in various facilities within the living environment and found that all facilities met the ICNIRP guidelines.

        Speaker: Seungho Choi
      • 175
        PB-60 Co-exposure to air pollution and non-ionising radiation from high-voltage power lines: a case study on environmental inequalities in Belgium

        This study examines the relationship between environmental exposure and chronic non-communicable diseases, focusing on traffic-related air pollution and non-ionizing radiation, which are both potential risk factors for childhood leukemia and neurodegenerative diseases. A key interaction occurs between air pollution and high-voltage power lines (HVPL), where corona ions increase the presence of charged particles. Prior research indicates that charged nanoparticle concentrations are higher near busy roads than under HVPL, though their health effects remain unclear.
        From an environmental justice perspective, limited studies have investigated whether lower-income populations experience disproportionately high exposure to environmental pollutants such as air pollution and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF), with potential differences between urban and rural settings. This paper analyzes co-exposure to air pollution and ELF-EMF in Belgium and its association with socio-economic status. Two research questions are addressed: (1) Do residents in more deprived neighborhoods experience higher exposure to air pollution and ELF-EMF? and (2) Are areas near HVPL exposed to higher levels of air pollution?
        Using publicly available data, the study explores environmental inequalities in exposure to particulate matter and ELF-EMF. Findings indicate a trend of higher exposure levels in socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. However, while co-exposure to both environmental stressors exists, air pollution exposure is widespread and not limited to areas near HVPL. Additionally, only a small proportion of the population resides in close proximity to HVPL. This research highlights the need for further investigation into environmental inequalities, real-world exposure levels to ELF-EMF and public health impacts.

        Speaker: Eva De Clercq
      • 176
        PB-61 Is Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation (Electromagnetic Radiation) Generated from Cellphones Carried Below the Waist Contributing to the Rapid Rise in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer?

        INTRODUCTION
        The incidence of early-onset (EO) (< 50 years old) colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rising rapidly in recent decades. One potential contributing factor is the increased exposure to non-ionizing radiation from well-documented habits of young adults’ carrying cellphones below the waist in the colorectal region. Intestinal epithelial cells are among the tissue cells known to be most sensitive to radiation exposure.
        METHODS
        A case-control study, designed to contact 50 EOCRC cases and 50 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls, interviewed participants to ascertain lifetime cellphone carrying habits (specific locations below the waist, the average daily carrying hours and the ages at which they started and stopped carrying at a given location).

        Results
        After controlling for confounders, a longer duration of carrying cellphones below the waist had more than 4-fold risk of EOCRC than shorter carrying duration, adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.0-16.4. More strikingly, the association was much stronger for ipsilateral carrying (cellphone carrying on the same side as the EOCRC tumor location) with OR=12.1 (95% CI:1.5-97) vs. contralateral carrying (cellphone carrying on the opposite side of the tumor) with OR=1.6. The association was also stronger for rectal cancer (OR=6.4) vs. colon cancer (OR=1.9), given the closer proximity of pants’ pockets to the rectum.
        DISCUSSION
        A longer duration of cellphone carrying below the waist is associated with an increased risk of EOCRC. Though confirmation is needed, the finding has revealed an emerging environmental risk factor for the rapid rise in EOCRC which is readily preventable.

        Speaker: De-Kun Li
      • 177
        PB-62 Overview of a Project to Improve the Quality of Experimental Research Used in Assessing the Health Risks of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields

        Many experimental research papers are referenced in order to assess the health risks of electromagnetic fields. However, the quality of each study is not always high. For a correct assessment of health risks, it is necessary to conduct high-quality experimental research, and there are requirements that must be satisfied in the planning, implementation, and reporting stages of the research.
        For addressing these issues, a project called “Establishment of Standard Research Methods for Electromagnetic Field Exposure” was launched under the financial support of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) of Japan. This presentation will introduce the activities of the project.

        Speaker: Akira Ushiyama
      • 178
        PB-63 Field Reconstruction for High-Frequency Electromagnetic Exposure Assessment Based on Deep Learning

        Accurate evaluation of incident power density (IPD) is critical for assessing human electromagnetic exposure in emerging wireless systems operating above 6 GHz (e.g., 5G mmWave and terahertz communications), where traditional measurement methods face challenges due to near-field complexity and ill-conditioned reconstruction problems. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel hybrid framework integrating metasurface with physics-informed deep learning for high-precision IPD reconstruction.

        Speaker: Zicheng Liu
      • 179
        PB-64 THE EFFECT OF RADIOFREQUENCY EXPOSURE COMBINED WITH BLEOMYCIN TREATMENT ON SEİZURES İN MAMMARY CANCER ANİMAL MODELS

        Breast cancer, the most common cancer worldwide, is a malignant type known for its high potential to metastasize to the brain, lungs and liver. Bleomycin (BLM) is an antineoplastic drug belonging to the glycopeptide antibiotic group which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study uniquely investigates the effect of Bleomycin treatment on seizures in breast cancer animal models and how this effect changes in relation to RF exposure.The results indicate that c-Fos expression varied across treatment groups, with weak staining in the control groups and increased expression with longer treatment durations. The 30-day RF group showed a moderate c-Fos reaction, suggesting that RF exposure may enhance cellular stress responses, increasing c-Fos expression. The 30-day Bleomycin group showed a more pronounced reaction compared to the 7-day group, highlighting the cumulative effect of prolonged Bleomycin treatment. The RF+Bleomycin combination, especially in the 30-day group, showed a synergistic effect, with c-Fos expression increasing from weak to moderate, suggesting potential interactions between the treatments. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation into the combined effects of RF and Bleomycin in cancer therapy.

        Speaker: Hacer Alkan
      • 180
        PB-65 Mitigating Recurrent Cystitis and reducing antibiotic resistance development through early Immune Activation with LF-EMF, thereby counteracting immune delay.

        This paper presents evidence that activating neutrophils using a 5 μT low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) micro-stimulus could reduce immune delays. In recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) that would mean less symptoms and less need for antibiotics.
        Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induces an immune delay, allowing it to strongly multiply before the immune system responds. UPEC also establishes an intracellular niche that protects a population of replicating bacteria from arriving phagocytes. A low-cost, low-burden treatment with a subtle electromagnetic stimulus has been shown to activate neutrophils in vivo in humans. The same stimulus has been shown in animal and in vitro experiments to immediately increase immune function, reduce mortality and tissue damage and increase vitality with an easy treatment of 30 minutes per day. We hypothesize that the selected LF-EMF treatment will accelerate neutrophil activation and recruitment to the bladder, reducing immune delay. When used early in a UTI episode it accelerates the immune response, reducing both the maximum ‘size’ of the infection and of the immune response, and thereby reducing disease-symptoms and tissue-damage. Lowering the need for frequently repeated antibiotic treatments, it can also help to mitigate the increase of antibiotic resistance.

        Speaker: Lluis Mir
      • 181
        PB-66 RAY TRACING MODELING OF 5G NON-PUBLIC NETWORKS OPERATING AT 26 GHZ IN HEALTHCARE ENVIROMENTS

        Fifth-generation (5G) systems have huge potentials in healthcare services, as they can allow to enhance effectiveness of treatments, accessibility to medical care, and quality of life for patients. The installation of 5G non-public networks seems to be very suitable for healthcare environments. However, due to 5G signal characteristics, an optimization study is necessary before introducing them in clinical practice to ensure network service continuity and to avoid any possible interferences with medical devices. Ray tracing is a very promising technique for the prediction of electromagnetic field levels generated by 5G systems. In this paper we present a ray tracing study on a real hospital-case scenario, assuming the installation of a class E2 5G non-public network operating at 26 GHz. The presented work is focused on pointing out the main potentials and limitations of this typology of network in healthcare ecosystem, both from coverage and from compliance with exposure limits point of view. Two different proprietary tools are involved in this evaluation and a comparison between their outcomes will show the robustness and the reliability of the employed ray tracing tools in these scenarios. Moreover, a comparison with results obtained using a class E2 5G non-public network operating at 3.7 GHz will be presented, highlighting differences and similarities of the two case studies.

        Speaker: Francesca Lodato
      • 182
        PB-53 Evaluating the Over-the-Air Performance of the Antenna in Mobile Terminals using Deep Learning

        This study introduces a Deep Learning (DL) framework for the efficient evaluation of mobile phone antenna performance , addressing the time-consuming nature of traditional full-wave numerical simulations. The DL model, built on convolutional neural networks, uses the Near-field Electromagnetic Field (NEMF) distribution of a mobile phone antenna in free space to predict the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), Total Radiated Power (TRP), and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) across various configurations. By converting antenna features and internal mobile phone components into near-field EMF distributions within a Huygens' box, the model simplifies its input. A dataset of 7000 mobile phone models was used for training and evaluation. The model's accuracy is validated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSR) for SAR and TRP, and the Feature Selection Validation Method (FSV) for EIRP. E-field distribution can also be super-resolution reconstructed by a specially desinged Generative Adversarial Networks informed with physical knowledge, which enables for deriving dosimetric values at even higher frequencies. The proposed model achieves remarkable computational efficiency, approximately 2000-fold faster than full-wave simulations, and demonstrates generalization capabilities for different antenna types, various frequencies, and antenna positions. This makes it a valuable tool for practical research and development , offering a promising alternative to traditional electromagnetic field simulations. 1/2 part of the work has been published recently in Sensors (10.3390/s24175646)

        Speaker: Zicheng Liu
    • 12:30
      Lunch Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Oral Session 3: Current Trends in EMF Epidemiology I La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Anke Huss, Robin Wydaeghe
      • 183
        Umbrella review of RF-EMF exposure from far-field sources and cancer in humans

        Introduction: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF; frequencies 100 kHz to 300 GHz) is ubiquitous. Concerns about potential health effects persist. The World Health Organization identified cancer as a key concern in relation to RF-EMF exposure. This umbrella review synthesises available evidence on the relationship between far-field RF-EMF exposure and neoplastic diseases up to May 2024. Methods: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human observational studies on RF-EMF and cancer were retrieved from MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, EMF-Portal, and Epistemonikos databases from inception to 15 May 2024. The eligibility criteria followed the PECOS scheme and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using AMSTAR 2. A qualitative synthesis was performed using standardised forms and presented with text and tables. Results: Of the eight systematic reviews synthesised, five reported limited evidence of cancer risk from RF-EMF exposure, two reported increasing risks, and one failed to draw specific conclusions. All systematic reviews exhibited substantial risk of bias. Discussion: Within eligibility period, the scopes of the systematic reviews exhibited poorly focused scopes, inconsistent reporting, and limited primary studies. Methodological shortcomings complicated the synthesis of reliable evidence. These challenges emphasise the need for robust methodologies, standardised protocols, and enhanced data quality to strengthen the reliability of future research. Conclusion: Inconsistent quality, incomplete reporting, and methodological flaws in the systematic reviews hindered reliable conclusions. High-quality systematic reviews are essential for providing a more reliable understanding of the relationship between RF-EMF and cancer.

        Speaker: Joshua Louis Ziegler
      • 184
        The relationship between mobile phone use and cognitive performance in Swiss adolescents: Cross-sectional results from HERMES3 cohort

        Adolescents are frequent users of mobile phones, which exposes them to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) during an important stage of their cognitive development.
        We aim to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance and mobile phone use, including RF-EMF exposure, in a new cohort to contribute to a better understanding of mobile phone use in adolescents.
        HERMES3 is an ongoing prospective cohort (n=292) study with Swiss adolescents (aged 11-15) recruited in 28 schools. Baseline data collection involved 1) six standardized, computerized cognitive tests covering different cognitive domains and 2) a questionnaire about mobile phone use, both completed in school. We used linear mixed models to test for an association of cognitive performance with a) mobile phone screen time and b) voice calling.
        Ninety-two percent of participants owned a mobile phone, which they used for 138 (±88) minutes per day on average. Seventy-three percent of participants reported using their mobile phone it for voice calls. In a preliminary analysis, we did not observe a significant association between cognitive performance, screen time, and voice call duration.
        Initial results indicate that there is no association between cognitive performance, mobile phone screen time, and voice call duration in the HERMES3 cohort. However, we need a more detailed RF-EMF exposure assessment and longitudinal data to draw conclusions about the relationship between RF-EMF exposure and cognitive performance.

        Speaker: Irina Wipf
      • 185
        Effects of recall bias on modeling cancer risk from mobile phone use: Results from simulations applying observed reporting errors to the Interphone case–control study.

        The largest case–control study (Interphone study) investigating glioma risk related to mobile phone use showed a J-shaped relationship with reduced relative risks for moderate use and a 40% increased relative risk among the 10% heaviest regular users, using a categorical risk model based on deciles of lifetime duration of use among ever regular users. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations examining whether the reported estimates are compatible with an assumption of no effect of mobile phone use on glioma risk when the various forms of biases present in the Interphone study are accounted for. Among those, four scenarios of sources of error in self-reported mobile phone use were considered. Input parameters used for simulations were those obtained from Interphone validation studies on reporting accuracy.
        We found that the scenario simultaneously modeling systematic and random reporting errors produced a J-shaped relationship perfectly compatible with the observed relationship from the main Interphone study with a simulated spurious increased relative risk among heaviest users (odds ratio = 1.91) compared with never regular users. The main determinant for producing this J shape was higher reporting error variance in cases compared with controls, as observed in the validation studies.
        Some uncertainty remains, but the evidence from the present study correcting for observed reporting errors shifts the overall assessment to making it less likely that heavy mobile phone use is causally related to an increased glioma risk.

        Speaker: Liacine Bouaoun
      • 186
        Long-term residential ELF-MF exposure and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases: an 18-year nationwide cohort study in Switzerland

        Introduction: Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure has been hypothesised to increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, but epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive. This study investigates the relationship between long-term ELF-MF exposure and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in adults living in Switzerland.
        Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study using the Swiss National Cohort (SNC), covering an 18-year follow-up (2001–2018) and including 3.5 million individuals. ELF-MF exposure was estimated using proximity models based on residential distance to high-voltage power and railway lines. Residential histories were used to account for mobility, and cumulative ELF-MF exposure was calculated in μT-years. Mortality outcomes included Alzheimer’s disease, other dementias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Associations were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors.
        Results: Over follow-up, over 128,000 deaths from neurodegenerative diseases were recorded. Cumulative ELF-MF exposure was low (95th percentile: 0.97 μT-years for power lines, 3.27 μT-years for railway lines). No increase in mortality risk was observed for Alzheimer´s disease, ALS, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. A slight increase in risk for other dementias was observed with power line exposure (HR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.002–1.019), though residual confounding cannot be ruled out.
        Conclusions: This large-scale comprehensive study found no evidence linking ELF-MF exposure to neurodegenerative disease mortality. The findings align with previous studies, which have not established a consistent link between residential ELF-MF and neurodegenerative outcomes.

        Speaker: Nekane Sandoval-Diez
      • 187
        Withdrawn
        Speaker: Dora Cserbik
      • 188
        Multiple Communication Device Use of Young Individuals in Various EU Countries: Latent Class Analysis

        The exponential increase of communication devices by younger generations in the past years has made it difficult to identify the patterns and scope of their use. The heightened use combined with concerns about potential health impacts of these devices, highlights the importance of unraveling and identifying how individuals use these devices. The aim of our study is to use latent class analysis to identify potential patterns in communication device use of young people. We used an online panel survey data collected in the GOLIAT EU funded project regarding use and functions of devices of 4,000 individuals ages 16-25 from Spain, Italy, Poland, and Switzerland. We performed a latent class analysis to identify classes of device use. Subsequently, we used multinomial logistic regression to identify differences of class membership based on various characteristics individually: age group, gender, parental education, and country. We identified four device use classes: high usage, low usage, smartphone and laptop preference, and non-smartphone preference. Older age groups were more likely to be high usage users. Males were more likely to be non-smartphone preference and low usage users. Participants with parents from higher education were more likely to be high usage users. Participants from Switzerland were more likely to be non-smartphone preference users, and from Poland smartphone and laptop preference users. Future work includes identifying changes of communication device classes and identifying differences of individual RF-EMF dose estimates based on class assignment.

        Speaker: Matthew Stamets
    • Oral Session 4: Advancing Biomedical Applications Through Electroporation Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Michal Cifra, Rosella Rizzo
      • 189
        Evaluation of dielectric properties and study of the impact of reversible electroporation through impedance measurement on human pancreatic tumours, healthy tissues and porcine tissues ex vivo.

        The dielectric properties of human tissues are important to consider in the context of several biomedical applications, such as electrical stimulation, radio frequency hyperthermia, pulsed electric-field based treatment and for the development of numerical models covering those applications. In this work, we present an experimental study of human pancreases, both healthy and tumour-bearing, in the context of electroporation. They are compared to pig samples, to estimate the relevance of this more accessible model in medical studies. The study is organized into two parts:
        Firstly, the dielectric properties of the samples were measured through impedance monitoring in a basic planar two-electrode set-up, in order to bring new data to the literature on this underdescribed organ.
        Secondly, the same samples were pierced with two needle electrodes, to conform to a real application of an electroporation protocol. The impedance of the sample was measured again in this particular configuration, before and after the application of a classical ESOPE electroporation protocol. The goal is to find a specific marker for in-situ impedance to follow during a treatment, in order to measure the dynamic of the treatment with the repetition of pulses, trough quick mono-frequency measurements between the pulses. The relative variation of phase has been identified as a potential marker, has it presented a maximum at a frequency compatible with a measure between pulses. The first measurements in between pulses on ex vivo samples present a convergence of this marker, possibly making it a good measurement of the completeness of the treatment.

        Speaker: Théo Le Berre
      • 190
        Biological Autoluminescence as a Real-Time Monitoring Tool for Yeast Electroporation

        Biological autoluminescence (BAL) presents a novel, real-time, and non-invasive method for monitoring electroporation in yeast. This study highlights its application in optimizing pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, BAL dynamics were analyzed during PEF exposure (2–7 kV cm⁻¹), with results validated against traditional methods like impedance measurements and dye-based assays. The findings reveal a strong correlation between BAL intensity and electroporation efficiency, with a significant threshold at 6–7 kV cm⁻¹. Unlike existing methods, BAL offers advantages in sensitivity, ease of integration into continuous systems, and avoidance of toxic dyes or electrode fouling. The study underscores BAL’s potential as a real-time feedback mechanism, enabling optimization of PEF parameters in both industrial and research contexts.

        Speaker: Michal Cifra
      • 191
        Microsecond Electric Pulses and DC stimulation: A Promising Approach to Targeting Inflammation

        The results presented in "Microsecond Electric Pulses and DC stimulation: A Promising Approach to Targeting Inflammation" come from the evaluation of the electrical stimulation protocol set in RISEUP project on macrophages cells. Here we demostrate that not only DC, but also mcirosecond electric pulses can modulate the immune respone

        Speaker: Claudia Consales
      • 192
        Multiphysics and multiscale modeling of virtual stem cells under µsPEFs stimulation

        Recently, increasing interest has been directed toward the use of pulsed electric fields in biomedical applications to promote cell regeneration and differentiation. Central to this is spinal cord injury (SCI) research within the European Project RISEUP, in which an electrified, implantable scaffold-device, able to stimulate stem cells through ultrashort, intense electrical pulses (µsPEFs), is under development for SCI regeneration. The alteration of ionic fluxes across electroporated cell membranes can significantly affect intracellular calcium levels, which play a vital role in the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Additionally, another critical aspect of this research is assessing the potential influence of µsPEFs on the spontaneous neuronal activity of induced neuronal stem cells (iNSCs). To achieve this, this study presents multiphysic and multiscale models of a 2D virtual MSC and a 2D virtual iNSC, designed to predict the biophysical effects on cells following µsPEF exposure.

        Speaker: Sara Fontana
      • 193
        Pulsed Electric Fields Enhance Cell Killing by Gelonin.

        Gelonin is a ribosome-inactivating protein with high intracellular toxicity but limited cell permeability. Targeted membrane disruption, such as electroporation, enhances its cellular uptake for potential cancer therapy and tissue ablation. We demonstrate a 100- to 1,000-fold increase in gelonin cytotoxicity with pulsed electric fields in T24, U-87, and CT26 cell lines. The effective gelonin concentration for 50% cell killing (EC50) ranged from <1 nM to ~100 nM in electroporated cells, whereas intact cells showed minimal response even at 1,000 nM, reducing survival by only 5–15%.
        Longer pulses proved more effective at lowering gelonin EC50 across isoeffective electroporation protocols using 300-ns, 9-µs, and 100-µs pulses. Increasing the electric field strength of eight 100-µs pulses from 0.65 to 1.25 kV/cm further reduced EC50 from 128 nM to 0.72 nM. Conversely, the presence of 100 nM gelonin enabled a more than 20-fold reduction in the number of pulses required for equivalent cytotoxicity. These findings highlight the potential of pulsed electric field-mediated gelonin delivery for tumor and hyperplasia ablation at low concentrations, minimizing systemic toxicity.

        Speaker: Olga Pakhomova
      • 194
        Application of a new coaxial bipolar electrode for the treatment of vertebral metastases: a pilot study in an ovine model

        Spinal metastases represent 90% of spinal masses detected through imaging, necessitating advancements in treatment. Electroporation, a technique using electric energy to alter cancer cell membrane permeability, enhances chemotherapeutic uptake and promotes tumor control. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of using individual and paired electric fields for tissue ablation in healthy bone and critical structures using novel coaxial bipolar electrodes in an ovine model.
        Electroporation was performed on sheep vertebral bodies (L2-L4) with electric field intensities delivering at least 3500 J/kg, sufficient to ablate bone tissue. The study assessed effects on surrounding sensitive structures, including peripheral nerves and the spinal cord. Seven days post-procedure, ablation was evident with both single and paired bipolar electrodes. Histological analysis confirmed bone ablation, with absent osteoblasts, pyknotic osteocytes, and empty lacunae, as well as no bone growth indicated by tetracycline fluorescence.
        Histomorphometric analysis revealed significant differences in ablated areas: L2 (single electrode) had a mean ablation area of 99.56 ± 18.00 mm², while L3 and L4 (paired electrodes) had significantly larger areas of 238.97 ± 81.44 mm² (p < 0.0005). Importantly, no neurological deficits were observed in the spinal cord or nerves.
        The findings suggest that coaxial bipolar electrodes, applied transpedicularly, provide a safe and minimally invasive method to treat spinal tumors and metastases of varying sizes, effectively protecting critical neural structures. This approach offers promising potential for advancing spinal tumor therapies.

        Speaker: Simona Salati
    • Plenary 1: Michael Levin - The bioelectric interface: exploiting collective intelligence for regenerative medicine La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Andrei Pakhomov, Meike Mevissen
      • 195
        The bioelectric interface: exploiting collective intelligence for regenerative medicine

        How do cells cooperate toward creating and maintaining complex body structures? How do cells know what to build and when to stop? Endogenous bioelectric signaling functions as a cognitive glue, binding individual cells toward a collective intelligence that navigates anatomical space. Groups of cells solve problems across embryogenesis, regeneration, aging, and cancer suppression, using bioelectrical networks to store setpoint patterns. In this talk, I will explain the mechanisms and algorithms by which bioelectric networks implement the mind of the body. An exciting roadmap for definitive regenerative medicine is made possible by targeting the bioelectric interface to reprogram and collaborate with the agential material of life.

        Speaker: Michael Levin
    • 16:00
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Gala Dinner Chateau d’Apigné

      Chateau d’Apigné

      We are delighted to invite you to the Gala Dinner, which will take place in the beautiful setting of Château d’Apigné.

      To ensure smooth transportation, buses will depart from Place des Lices between 17:45 and 18:30, and return buses will leave the venue starting at 22:30.
      A map indicating the exact pick-up and drop-off location at Place des Lices (=> Just in front of the restaurant « La Closerie) is included in the app under maps.
      Please note: If you miss the bus (either to or from the venue), you will need to arrange your own transport.
      We look forward to an unforgettable evening together!

    • Tutorial 2: RF Exposure and Cancer: WHO Systematic Review and Advancing Epidemiological Perspectives La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Joe Wiart, Wout Joseph
      • 196
        The WHO Systematic Review on Cancer: What is it and What did it find?

        Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are mainly used for telecommunications purposes such as radio and television broadcasting, mobile telephony, and other wireless communications. Concern has been raised regarding possible adverse effects to human health, such as cancer, from RF-EMF exposure, recently from emerging technologies like the 5G mobile network. It is therefore crucial to perform a health risk assessment to support decision-makers and the general public.
        The World Health Organization (WHO) has an ongoing project to assess potential health effects of exposure to RF-EMF in the general and working population. The WHO is currently developing a monograph as part of its Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series which will assess the available evidence on RF EMF and health. The monograph will be informed, among other things, by a set of commissioned systematic reviews related to several priority health outcomes, including cancer investigated in human observational studies.
        The current systematic review included 86 cohort and case-control studies investigating RF EMF exposure and various cancers. The meta-analysis yielded no associations between RF EMF exposure from mobile phones, telecommunications antennas or occupational exposure and the various cancers investigated. The certainty in the evidence was variable across the specific RF EMF exposure sources and various cancers investigated.
        While narrative reviews can be valuable for providing expert opinions and discussing complex topics, systematic reviews offer a more rigorous, transparent, and comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence, making them preferable for formulating evidence-based decisions in research, and policy-making for topics like the health risk assessment of RF EMF.

        Speaker: Ken Karipidis
      • 197
        RF exposure and cancer: epidemiological perspectives – implications of different study designs

        Over the last decades, considerable scientific efforts have been made to determine whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) below guideline levels may affect cancer risk. The widespread use of handheld mobile phones in the general population, that developed from none to essentially 100% in less than two decades, makes this a potentially very important public health issue. The research field has to a large extent been driven by epidemiological studies, some of which reported increased risks of brain tumours, while others found no associations. Notably, raised risk estimates have been reported in some studies with a case-control design, while the few cohort studies found no increased risks. Case-control studies with retrospectively collected exposure information are subject to several sources of bias which may have influenced their findings, such as differential recall bias and selection bias from non-participation. These biases are especially problematic for case-control studies of brain tumours, as the disease often affects memory, progress rapidly and has a poor prognosis. Cohort studies with prospectively collected exposure information are not affected by differential recall or selection bias but may instead be subject to non-differential exposure misclassification, especially if they lack quantitative exposure data. The COSMOS cohort study was initiated to address these limitations, through prospective collection of exposure information to achieve the same level of detail in exposure data as the case-control studies, but without differential recall bias because all participants are blind to their disease status when the information is collected (brain tumours will occur in the future), and with no selection bias as all participants can be followed in nationwide well-established cancer registers and population registers. This presentation will discuss the theoretical principles of epidemiological case-control and cohort designs and highlight similarities and differences, particularly with regard to exposure misclassification and selection bias, and implications for the interpretation of findings and future prospects.

        Speaker: Maria Feychting
    • Oral Session 5: Exploring Techniques and Applications in ELF Dosimetry I La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Giulia Sacco, Myles Capstick
      • 198
        Assessment of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Safety in the Presence of Implanted Electrodes

        The increasing number of in vivo investigations combining non- invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques – such as transcranial electric (tES) stimulation – with invasive stimulation (e.g., DBS) or sensing electrodes (e.g., sEEG), requires a proper understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between applied fields and passive/active implants to determine safety. In view of allowing personalized stimulation strategies and inform safety decisions, dedicated safety metrics and efficient computational strategies need to be identified. In this dosimetric study, we systematically analyzed exposure conditions and a range of interaction mechanisms with the aim of establishing worst case exposure conditions (WCE), identifying conservative exposure thresholds and safe electrode placement strategies.

        Speaker: Myles Capstick
      • 199
        Electromagnetic compatibility: modelling of the induced voltage on a pacemaker bipolar lead

        The increasing prevalence of Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMDs), such as pacemakers, raises concerns regarding their susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI), particularly in occupational environments where exposure could be relatively high. While unipolar pacemaker leads are well-documented as being sensitive to magnetic field, the mechanisms of interaction between pacemaker bipolar leads and electromagnetic fields are less understood. This study aims to develop an analytical model to describe this interaction.
        Unlike unipolar leads, bipolar ones are supposed to be more sensitive to electric fields than magnetic fields. The study formulates an analytical model based on a capacitor analogy, where the two terminals are constituted by the two electrodes. From this analytical model, a transfer function, which relates the induced voltage to the incident electric field, was proposed.
        To validate the proposed model, numerical simulations were conducted using CST Studio Suite, and experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment. The results demonstrated a good correlation between the analytical model, numerical simulations, and measurements.
        The hypothesis that a lead in bipolar mode is more sensitive to the electric field than to the magnetic field has been confirmed. This research provides a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between electromagnetic field and bipolar lead and could lead to more appropriate standard test methods or to the design of devices that are less sensitive to electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, the model developed here can also be generalised to other types of leads such as neurostimulator, cochlear implant or electrocardiograph ones.

        Speaker: Lucien Hammen
      • 200
        Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: impact of heterogenous head model on the analytical design of high permittivity materials

        This study explores the design of high-permittivity materials (HPMs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three distinct Larmor frequencies. The objective of the work was to assess the influence of heterogeneous head structures, commonly used in numerical simulations, on the design of HPMs when utilizing analytical tools. To achieve this, a brain MRI experiment was simulated, incorporating an HPM helmet surrounding the head and a current-carrying coil for radiofrequency illumination. The investigation employed both an analytical scattering model and numerical simulations using the xFDTD software (Remcom).
        The novel theoretical tool introduced in this study is based on Mie scattering formulation but utilizes Hankel functions of the first and second kind to describe the radial dependence of the electromagnetic fields. This innovative approach extends the framework of transmission line theory, enabling a comprehensive analysis of scattering phenomena in terms of impedance and reflection coefficients.
        The findings, in terms of magnetic induction fields as a function of helmet permittivity, reveal that the impact of brain tissue heterogeneity on HPM design becomes more pronounced as the RF radiation frequency increases. This effect is attributed to the shorter wavelength at higher frequencies, which interacts more significantly with the varying tissue properties. Despite this, the analytical model proves effective in predicting optimal permittivity values or material thicknesses for specific applications. As such, this tool can be proposed as a valuable aid to support numerical simulations in the design of these materials.

        Speaker: Giuseppe Ruello
      • 201
        General Circuit Model for Electrode Contact Impedance for Transcranial and Other Electrical Stimulations

        In non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), electric fields are used to stimulate or modulate neuronal activity. To achieve the desired degree of stimulation, a certain level of induced field is required. Contact impedance between the electrodes and skin/tissue layers results in a voltage drop, which reduces the amount of current applied for a given excitation voltage. To address this, the impedance of the head of eight participants was measured, and an analytical model based on electrode geometry was developed. To capture the variance in the measured impedance, the 10th and 90th percentiles of the parameters of the best-fit model were computed to indicate the degree of variation that is to be expected. These results will serve as a guide in determining the required stimulation parameters, potentially enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of NIBS.

        Speaker: Cindy Karina
    • Oral Session 6: Experimental Studies on 5G: From Cells to Organisms II Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Eleonore Fresnel, Sarah Loughran
      • 202
        Study of the effects of 5G modulated-700 mhz radiofrequency fields on the cellular stress response in astrocytes and sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells.

        The potential biological impact of 5G signals at 700 MHz on cellular processes such as oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis remains an open question. In this study, we investigated the effects of such environmental radiofrequency field (RF) exposure on both primary astrocytes derived from rat brains and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, focusing on these key cellular pathways and stress-related markers. Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.08 and 4 W/kg were tested over two exposure durations: 1 hour and 24 hours. After each exposure, analyses were performed either immediately or 24 hours post-exposure to evaluate potential delayed effects.
        ROS levels, proliferation rates, and apoptotic markers were measured under all conditions. Analyses for primary astrocytes are complete, showing no significant changes in mitochondrial oxidative stress, cell proliferation, or apoptosis under any of the conditions tested.
        Our findings support the conclusion that, under controlled in vitro conditions, exposure to 5G-modulated 700 MHz does not have detectable effects on primary rat astrocytes.
        The experiments for SH-SY5Y cells are still ongoing and the results will be presented at the congress.

        Speaker: Emilie Puginier
      • 203
        Effects of 5G (26 GHz) exposure on the electrical activity of healthy young adult subjects: a randomized controlled trial, preliminary results

        The deployment of 5G communications technology is raising questions about its potential effects on human health (Belpoggi, 2021), including brain activity. Previous studies on 5G, (Jamal et al. ,2023) at 3.5 GHz, showed no significant effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the effects of higher 5G frequencies, such as 26 GHz, remain largely unexplored (Belpoggi, 2021).
        This study aims to explore the effects of controlled exposure to 5G at 26 GHz on brain electrical activity.
        This study was conducted by using an experimental protocol established and validated in our laboratory (Ghosn et al, 2015; Wallace et al, 2022; Wallace, 2023; Jamal, 2023). The study was a randomized, double-blind, crossover and a counterbalanced experimental protocol in the form of two sessions (real and sham exposure).
        The subjects, 32 healthy young adults, were exposed to 26 GHz, at 2 V/m, under the ICNIRP (2020) standard, for 26.5 minutes in a shielded chamber.
        EEG data were analyzed with power spectral density (PSD) with alpha, beta, delta and theta frequency bands.
        We hypothesize that exposure at 26 GHz will have no significant effect on different frequencies bands studied.
        This study will provide valuable data on the potential effects of exposure to 5G at 26 GHz on brain activity. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the potential effects of 5G on human health, particularly on electrical brain activity, and may shed light on whether this new technology poses any health risks.

        Speaker: Lisa Michelant
      • 204
        5G-modulated, 26 GHz radio waves: Do they affect oxidative stress mechanisms in reconstructed human dermal tissue?

        The 26 GHz band is the first high-band 5G frequency currently deployed in France and other European countries to increase bandwidth and address network saturation issues in situations of dense user concentration. As radiofrequency electromagnetic field sources (RF EMF) expand in coverage and introduce new frequency ranges and signal modulations, concerns arise about potential health effects. Radio waves of higher frequencies have greater bandwidths, carry higher photon energies and are absorbed superficially by the human body, making the skin the primary target of absorption. Here, we are interested in the question of oxidative stress in the skin. Oxidative stress can disrupt redox signaling and lead to biomolecule damage, on a cellular level and has been linked to aging, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer at the organism level.
        We have developed three-dimensional, engineered dermal sheets grown through the proliferation of primary human fibroblasts, which secrete their own extracellular matrix, to act as an in vitro skin model. A biological incubator was converted into a RF EMF mode-stirred reverbation chamber, with the installation of an antenna and a metal agitator to homogenize the EMF. Dermal sheets were exposed to 5G-modulated, 26 GHz radio waves with power intensities ranging from 20 to 100 V/m2. We assessed mitochondrial superoxide production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and plasma membrane permeability using fluorescence microscopy, all of which are implicated in oxidative stress imbalance.

        Speaker: Georgios Kougkolos
      • 205
        Effects of fifth-generation (5G) environmental radiofrequency signals on oxidative stress in skin cells: a BRET study.

        The exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, coming from mobile communication technologies, have raised societal concerns. Although guidelines have been set by the ICNIRP (such as non-specific heating above 1 °C when exposed to radiofrequency fields), concerns rise about the possible potential health impacts due to the non-thermal effects. With the deployment of 5th generation (5G) communication technologies, which uses higher carrier frequencies, human skin has become the primary biological target. In response to the ongoing debate on the effects of RF-EMF on human cells, we addressed the impact of 5G modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) EMF on oxidative stress in human fibroblast cells using BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) probes sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS) either in the cytoplasm or the mitochondria. Fibroblasts cells transiently expressing such BRET probes were exposed to 5G modulated 3.5 GHz at SAR levels of 0.08 and 4 W/kg for 24h. We tested whether 5G exposure could directly trigger an oxidative stress in the exposed cells, synergize with various chemical ROS inducer, or trigger an adaptive response.

        Speaker: Jana Haidar
    • 10:30
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Oral Session 7: Numerical Methods for Accurate Dosimetry and Exposure Assessment La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Gernot Schmid, Joshua Louis Ziegler
      • 206
        Ray-tracing based Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Big Data Generation Method for Compliance Test of 5G Base Station

        In this paper, we propose a big data generation method that considers real-world 5G base station operational scenarios. The proposed method generates a big data that mimics beamforming, base station deployment conditions, and various operational scenarios. Since the generated dataset reflects real-world conditions, it can be used to train recently developed AI-based prediction techniques for 5G base station evaluation. The proposed method consists of two main processes: the generation of radiation patterns and the execution of ray-tracing simulations using the generated radiation patterns. To facilitate big data generation, each process is automated using MATLAB and Python. We will demonstrate the diversity of the generated data using the proposed method in the results section, verifying that it enables the generation of datasets that reflect various real-world 5G operational scenarios.

        Speaker: Dongryul Park
      • 207
        Model-based Approach to quantify how Reflections from 5G Adaptive Base Stations contribute to EMF Emissions

        Since the emergence of 5G technologies, questions remain regarding a possible increase of the electromagnetic fields - EMF, to some extent due to the use of reflections to reach out of sight users.
        Thanks to numerical simulations, a comparison between 4G conventional and 5G adaptive antennas is performed. Realistic adaptive beams are first created by using Uniform Planar Array methodology. The resulting EMF are then obtained through ray-tracing calculations.
        Our current results show that only one to three reflections must be taken into account when studying EMF, and this regardless of the building material properties and of the antenna types. Beyond four reflections, the contribution to the total EMF is likely to be neglected.
        Furthermore, compared to conventional systems, adaptive antennas provide better quality of service and connectivity for out of sight users, while enabling lower EMF emissions in areas without data traffic.

        Speaker: Mélina Bouldi
      • 208
        SAR-based assessment of the EMF exposure behind a Massive MIMO Radio Base Station

        A numerical assessment of the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure behind a massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) radio base station (RBS) and to the side of the RBS from the back surface is performed. The model of the antenna array contains 8 × 8 dual-polarized cavity-backed stacked patch elements and it is mounted on a box representing the RBS chassis. The RF EMF exposure is assessed for constant transmission at maximum power of 377.6 W, at frequency of 3.5 GHz, and for different steered beams within the scanning range to find its maximum for distance between the RBS model and phantom shell of 0 cm (touch position). The results of the RF EMF exposure simulations, conducted over a large area behind the mMIMO RBS model, show that the maximum 10-g specific absorption rate (SAR) and whole-body averaged SAR behind and to the side of the RBS are below the corresponding international limit values for general public and occupational exposure. If beam scanning, RBS utilization, and scheduling time, which are reasonably foreseeable, are considered then the time-averaged power will be significantly reduced and therefore also the RF EMF exposure.

        Speaker: Stanislav Stefanov Zhekov
      • 209
        Numerical Assessment of Human Near-Field Exposure in the EU GOLIAT project: A Multi-frequency Analysis across Different Anatomical Models

        This study, conducted within the EU GOLIAT project framework, presents the numerical dosimetric assessment of near-field exposure emitted by personal devices across eight frequencies (from 700 MHz to 5800 MHz). The investigation employed four anatomically detailed virtual human models representing diverse age groups and anatomical characteristics. Using FDTD methodology, we analyzed PIFA/IFA antennas mounted on a commercial mock-up phone in multiple configurations, considering both vertical and horizontal polarizations and different locations of the mock-up phone near the phantom (device near the ear, in front of the eyes, and at the belly level), for a total of 176 use cases of wireless device for each anatomical model. Whole body average SAR was evaluated for all the tested configurations for an input power inducing a SAR10g of 1W/kg in the corresponding flat phantom. Preliminary results show a significant frequency-dependent absorption patterns, with sub-1 GHz frequencies exhibiting markedly higher exposure levels compared to higher frequency bands. The study provides crucial insights into human exposure patterns in realistic communication scenarios

        Speaker: Silvia Gallucci
    • Oral Session 8: Advances in Electromagnetic Stimulation for Neural and Clinical Research Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Olga Zeni, Sara Fontana
      • 210
        Changes in electrophysiological aperiodic activity following personalized tacs

        Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique widely used in neuroscience to investigate and improve cognitive abilities. Inhibition, a cognitive function that allows stopping an ongoing action, and associated with beta-band (13-30 Hz) oscillations in the right inferior frontal gyrus, could be enhanced via tACS when stimulation frequency matches subject’s endogenous beta frequency. A growing body of evidence supports the importance of considering the electroencephalography (EEG) aperiodic (“1/f”) activity when studying brain electrical activity, as it can bias neural oscillations’ estimations. Since aperiodic activity has been associated with cognition, perception, or development, we aim to investigate if it can be modulated by tACS. Here, we will test the effect of subject-specific beta-tACS on aperiodic activity in healthy subjects. We will record high-resolution EEG (HR-EEG) from 35 healthy controls (HCs) both in resting-state and during an inhibition task pre- and post- stimulation. As the study is ongoing, only the preliminary results from the first 8 HCs are presented, organized into experimental groups labeled as ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding either to real or sham stimulation without knowledge of their specific conditions. An apparent decrease in both aperiodic parameters after stimulation in the experimental group ‘0’, while only a change in offset appeared in the experimental condition ‘1’. Although the existing literature suggests that aperiodic activity could be modulated by tACS, the absence of statistical analysis currently prevents any interpretation. Full data acquisition and analysis are expected by June 2025, with complete results presented at BioEM2025.

        Speaker: Noémie Monchy
      • 211
        Threshold Estimation of Nociceptive Small Fibers During Intraepidermal Electrical Stimulation - Modeling of Membrane and Synaptic properties-

        This study examines Aδ- and C-fiber activation thresholds using intraepidermal electrical stimulation (IES) and computational modeling. Anodal stimulation activated Aδ-fibers with single pulses, while C-fibers required multiple pulses. Cathodal stimulation failed to activate C-fibers, indicating a higher perception threshold. Computational modeling validated experimental results, refining stimulation protocols for selective small-fiber activation. The findings contribute to neuropathic pain diagnostics and international neural stimulation guidelines.

        Speaker: Akimasa Hirata
      • 212
        Single-Neuron Excitation by Modulated and Unmodulated High-Frequency Sine Waves in the Context of Temporal Interference Stimulation

        Targeted non-invasive deep brain electrostimulation, aimed at activating deep neural structures without stimulation at the surface, relies on the interference of electric fields from two or more sources. Temporal interference (TI) stimulation employs frequency-shifted sine waves which overlap into an amplitude-modulated sine wave at the deep target. It is assumed that “pure” (unmodulated) high-frequency sine waves will not excite neurons but the modulated ones will, despite a (much) weaker electric field distantly from the electrodes. However, we found that unmodulated high-frequency sine waves are no less potent at exciting neurons than amplitude-modulated ones. Dissociated hippocampal neurons stimulated by unmodulated 2- and 20-kHz sine waves fired action potentials (APs) at a rate proportional to the electric field strength. After reaching the physiological rate limit of 60-90 Hz, APs coalesced into a sustained depolarization that blocked excitation. Adding 20-Hz modulation to emulate TI did not reduce excitation thresholds, but aligned APs with sine wave “beats” and prevented the excitation block. We used strobe photography to analyze membrane charging and relaxation kinetics with nanoscale resolution and proposed an excitation mechanism independent of sine wave rectification. Our results suggest that off-target effects of TI stimulation are unavoidable, although the excitation patterns near electrodes may differ from those at the deep target.

        Speaker: Andrei Pakhomov
      • 213
        Transcranial static magnetic stimulation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinica trial.

        Introduction: Enhanced glutamatergic transmission leading to motor neuron death is considered the major pathogenetic mechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Motor cortex excitability can be suppressed by transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS), thus tSMS can be evaluated as a potential treatment for ALS. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of tSMS in ALS.
        Methods: In this trial, we randomly assigned ALS patients to receive daily tSMS or placebo stimulation for 6 months. For each participant we calculated mean disease monthly progression rate (MPR) using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSRFS-R). The primary outcome was the difference in MPR before and after the beginning of treatment. Secondary outcomes were safety, tolerability, and compliance. A long-term follow-up of 18 months was performed in all patients who completed the six-month treatment considering a composite endpoint event (tracheostomy or death).
        Results: 40 participants were randomly assigned to real (n=21) or placebo stimulation (n=19). The MPR did not show statistically significant differences between the two arms during the pre-treatment and treatment period. The treatment was feasible and safe, with high compliance. At the end of the long-term follow-up of 18 months, patients of real group had a statistically significant higher tracheostomy-free survival compared with patients of placebo group.
        Conclusions: tSMS did not modify disease progression during the 6 months of treatment. However, long-term follow-up revealed a substantial increase in tracheostomy free survival in patients treated with real stimulation supporting the evaluation of tSMS in larger and more prolonged studies.

        Speaker: Fioravante Capone
      • 214
        Correlating in situ electric fields with postural sway caused by electrical vestibular stimulation

        Electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) influences balance by applying weak electrical currents to the scalp. While EVS is conventionally delivered via electrodes placed over the mastoid processes, recent findings show that stimulation using various other electrode montages also induces postural sway. This study aimed to explore which electric field component contributes to the response and compare the vestibular electric field values to human exposure limits established in international guidelines and standards, which currently do not consider vestibular effects.
        Counterbalanced sham-controlled double-blind experiments were performed in eight participants standing on a force plate. Alternating currents at 4.6 Hz or 4.8 Hz were applied to four electrode montages, featuring electrodes over the forehead, motor cortex, and cerebellum. All four montages produced a significantly increased body sway compared to sham at the stimulation frequency, with the electric field in the vestibular system correlating with the sway magnitude. Further modelling identified the lateral electric field component as the best predictor of lateral oscillating postural sway.
        The in situ electric field magnitudes were at most 100-220 mV/m, depending on the electrode montage, while the lateral component was much weaker, ranging from 40-80 mV/m. These field strengths were well below the occupational exposure limits set by international bodies. The EVS-induced postural sway is subtle and not easily perceived, and it is unclear whether it should be treated as adverse or as an effect that should be avoided. Therefore, the implications of vestibular effects on the human exposure guidelines and standards remain uncertain.

        Speaker: Ilkka Laakso
      • 215
        The impact of moderate static magnetic fields on human glioblastoma cells in vitro

        Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique with potential applications in glioblastoma (GB) management, particularly in mitigating tumour-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. However, the effects of tSMS-like static magnetic fields (SMF) on GB cells remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the biological responses of human GB cell lines (U87, p53 wild-type; U251, p53 mutant) exposed to moderate SMF (113.93 ± 6.595 mT and 12.567 ± 0.747 mT) for 3, 24, and 48 hours.
        SMF exposure did not promote GB cell proliferation or induce apoptosis but suppressed mitochondrial activity in U87 cells at all time points, suggesting a potential role in metabolic regulation. Minimal cytotoxic effects were observed, with a slight increase in dead cells at 48 hours in U87 and U251 at higher SMF levels. No significant oxidative stress was detected in U87 cells, while U251 cells exhibited a transient increase in cytoplasmic oxidative stress. Morphological analysis revealed cell-type-dependent structural adaptations, with U87 cells showing progressive nuclear and cytoskeletal remodelling, while U251 cells exhibited only early (3-hour) responses. Chromatin structure was also affected, with U87 cells displaying variability in chromatin compaction and U251 cells showing increased condensation.
        These findings suggest that tSMS-like SMF may influence GB metabolism, nuclear organisation, and cytoskeletal structure without promoting tumour growth, supporting its potential safety in clinical applications. Further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and evaluate the translational relevance of tSMS in GB treatment.

        Speaker: Anna Guller
    • 12:30
      Lunch (only for General Assembly attendees) Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • General Assembly La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Convener: Azadeh Peyman
    • CLUE-H 3rd - Annual Meeting La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Plenary: D'Arsonval Award - Martin Röösli La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Azadeh Peyman, Florence Poulletier de Gannes
      • 216
        Research on EMF and noise from a public health perspective

        Bio
        Martin Röösli is Full Professor for Environmental Epidemiology at the Swiss Tropical- and Public Health Institute in Basel and leads the Environmental Exposures and Health Unit.
        In addition to his strong research focus on electromagnetic field (EMF), he works on various environmental health topics such as noise, air pollution, climate change and pesticides. He does exposure assessment studies, epidemiological research and health impact assessments including systematic reviews. Major EMF studies he is or was involved include CEFALO, ARIMMORA, GERONIMO, QUALIFEX, ETAIN, GOLIAT and SwissNIS.
        In the field of EMF he acts or has acted in numerous national and international committee including the World Health Organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Swiss Expert Group on Non-Ionising Radiation, International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, the German Radiation Protection Commission, the Independent Expert Group of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority and the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Protection (NCRP) Scientific Committee on Nonionizing Radiation. He has published numerous peer-reviewed articles and reports.

        D'Arsonval Lecture
        With the introduction of the mobile technology in the 1990ties, the question of health effects from electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been debated more intensively. This was a motivation to me to engage myself in this emerging topic after having completed my PhD in air pollution risk assessment in 2001. Throughout my career, EMF has been a strong focus of my research. Nevertheless, other environmental health topics have stayed in my portfolio; in particular health effects from transportation noise. This diversity in topic has been a continuous source of inspiration for my EMF research and conversely. In the D’Arsonval plenary, I will show similarities and differences between these topics in terms of research methods, concepts, regulation principles and public perception.

    • Oral Session 10: Emerging Biophysical Methods: From Cellular Dielectrophoresis to Environmental Biosensing Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Elham Salimi, Olivia Peytral-Rieu
      • 217
        Uhf-dielectrophoresis as a tool for predicting tumor mutational burden through biophysical analysis

        Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) is a key biomarker for immunotherapy response but is costly and time-consuming to assess via sequencing. This study explores ultra-high frequency dielectrophoresis (UHF-DEP) as a rapid, label-free alternative by analyzing the electromagnetic signature (EMS) of cancer cells.
        Using a lab-on-a-chip biosensor, UHF-DEP crossover frequencies (CFs) were measured in eight solid tumor cell lines. EMS values correlated with TMB, distinguishing between high (≥10 Mut/Mb) and low TMB cell lines.
        These findings suggest UHF-DEP could provide a rapid TMB estimation method, improving patient stratification for immunotherapy. Further studies are needed to validate EMS as a clinical biomarker and assess its complementarity with sequencing.

        Speaker: Nina Blasco
      • 218
        Bacteria-based Electrochemical Impedance sensor: towards a biosensor for pollutants detection in water

        Quality of water resources is a major global challenge and water pollution is a daily topic. Certain pollutants can kill bacteria and destroy cell walls depending on their concentration, leading to the release of cytoplasm cell ions to the medium by diffusion. Hence, studying the conductivity and permittivity of a bacterial solution is used to investigate bacterial behaviour with respect to the presence of a pollutant that can then be detected.
        As a first step towards this pollutant biosensing method, we propose a study of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the 40 Hz - 20 MHz range for heat-killed and alive solutions of Escherichia coli at different concentrations. EIS is done with a planar electrode sensor. Within this experiment parameters, our copper-tin alloy electrodes have no impact on bacterial viability.
        Two different data analysis methods are investigated. Firstly, we propose to study impedance magnitude data from EIS to discriminate alive from heat-killed bacteria at a given concentration. Secondly, we use Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis on EIS data, which is equally useful for discriminating between different concentrations.
        The use of single-bacteria simulations as a building brick provided a semi analytical model consistent with the measured electrical behaviour a bacteria population. Finally, the biosensor prototype was applied to detect the effect of anti-helminthic and antibiotic.

        Speaker: Antoine Rico
      • 219
        Using microwaves of 18 GHz as a novel method for bacterial transformation

        Bacterial transformation is the internalization of exogenous DNA and integration into the recipient genome via homologous recombination, which can result in bacteria acquiring possible new genetic traits. The laboratory standards for bacterial transformation requires chemically competent cells and despite the reported high efficiencies, chemical and heat shock transformation methods have limited success in wild-type and pathogenic bacterial strains. As an alternative, electroporation is commonly used as it allows for the uptake of large amounts of genetic material, e.g., plasmids, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs in the range of 150−350 kb). Nevertheless, electroporation can lead to cell death, primarily when the electric fields cause permanent membrane permeabilization. Here, we report a novel method of genetic transformation of bacterial cells mediated by high-frequency microwave radiation. Escherichia coli JM109 was exposed to a frequency of 18 GHz at a power density between 5.6 and 30 kW m−2 for 180 s, using a specialised microwave processing apparatus that limited the temperature rise to below 40 °C. Plasmid DNA, pGLO (5.4 kb), was successfully transformed into E. coli cells as evidenced by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) using confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Approximately 90.7% of the treated viable E. coli cells exhibited uptake of the pGLO plasmid. The interaction of plasmid DNA with bacteria leading to transformation was further confirmed using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy.

        Speaker: Denver Linklater
      • 220
        Assessment of intracellular dielectric properties of cancer cells using dielectrophoretic measurments

        This paper proposes an analytical method based on electrokinetic measurements ( experimentally measured dielectrophoresis crossover frequencies and predicted extremum electrorotation speed frequency) allowing to extract intracellular dielectric properties i.e., permittivity and conductivity to characterize cancerous stem cells of a colorectal cell line .

        Speaker: Thamila Chetouane
    • Oral Session 9: Environmental Field Measurements in Support of Exposure Assessment I La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Lea Belackova, Theodoros Samaras
      • 222
        Time trend of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure levels in outdoor environment in Japan

        In order to clarify the radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure level related to human protection in the real environment, the NICT has conducted measurements in Japan using various measurement methods since 2019. As one of our research activities, we had measured the RF-EMF levels from the mobile phone base station in 2019 at the same places as the past measurements in 2006 and compared. It was confirmed that the RF-EMF exposure levels from mobile phone base stations are about three times higher than those of the past measurements taken about 10 years before in both urban and suburban areas; however, those were sufficiently low against the Japanese radio radiation protection guidelines with approximately 1/1000 or less. On the other hand, these measurements were done before the start of commercial services of the 5th Generation mobile phone system (5G). In this study, RF-EMF levels were measured at the same place to analyse time trend considering impact of the 5G service.

        Speaker: Masao Taki
      • 223
        5G massiveMIMO sub 6 GHz measurements for exposure assessment in Wallonia

        This paper exposes the measurement method presently used in Wallonia to evaluate the maximum exposure generated by active antennas. The roll-out of active antennas is well underway, so for official bodies in charge of controlling the respect of the mandatory exposure limit it was urgent to have an assessment method. After having tried different solutions, we have finally opted for a method based on spectrum measurement during forced traffic directed to the measuring equipment. The integration over frequency of the whole bandwidth used is corrected afterwards to take into account the noisy and irregular nature of the spectrum. The correction consists in adding a safety margin.

        Speaker: Stéphane Desmet
      • 224
        Exposure assessment of 5G and legacy telecom technologies RF EMF across four European countries using spot measurements

        This study assesses the exposure to 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) across four European countries. Spot measurements were conducted indoor and outdoor, encompassing urban and rural environments. In total, 146 measurements were performed in 2023, divided over Belgium (47), Switzerland (38), Hungary (30) and Poland (31). At 34.9% of all measurement locations a 5G connection to 3.6 GHz was established. The average cumulative incident power density (Savg) and maximum cumulative incident power density (Smax) were determined, for both “background” exposure (no 5G user equipment; No UE) and worst-case exposure (maximum downlink with 5G user equipment; Max DL). For the No UE scenario, the highest Smax was 17.6 mW/m2, while for the Max DL, the highest Smax was 23.3 mW/m2. Both values are well within the ICNIRP guidelines. The highest Smax,5G measured over all countries and scenarios was 10.4 mW/m2, which is 3.2% of the frequency specific ICNIRP guidelines. The power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas (-4.8 dB to -10.4 dB).

        Speaker: Kenneth Deprez
    • 10:30
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Oral Session 11: Electromagnetic Techniques in advanced biomedical applications La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Cindy Karina, Lena Kranold
      • 225
        Numerical study on the enteric neuronal sensing in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy applications

        In clinical applications endoscopy techniques are widely used to observe the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract organs. Despite the gastroscopy is one of the most used diagnostic tool to examinate numerous GI pathologies, it’s still an invasive and no patient friendly procedure, requiring full anesthesia and painkillers administration after the examination. In the last decades, the possibility to perform endoscopic analysis without using the wired endoscope has emerged, thanks to the introduction of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). The possibility of integrating additional diagnostic and therapeutic modalities can potentially enhance WCE technology. In the framework of PING project (funded by Lazio region, Italy), this work presents a numerical study on the feasibility of electrodes integration within the capsule, to measure enteric neuronal activity (neural sensing), to deepen its role in functional gastrointestinal disorders.

        Speaker: Sara Fontana
      • 226
        Computational Analysis of Electric Field Distribution Generated by Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles in Brain Tissue

        A first computational investigation of electric field distributions generated by magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) is presented in this work in the context of neural tissue modulation. Our study employed a dual-modeling approach to analyze both individual particle behavior and collective effects at tissue level in 2D plane and 3D volume of nerve tissues. Results demonstrate that MENPs at 0.1% w/v concentration generate electric fields reaching therapeutic thresholds for neuromodulation, with 3D distribution achieving 20.66% tissue coverage above 10 V/m compared to 4.12% in 2D arrangement. The study reveals that 3D MENP distributions provide better field coverage while maintaining the advantages of wireless, targeted stimulation with sub-millimeter precision.

        Speaker: Marta Bonato
      • 227
        Modeling Implantable Bioresorbable Radio Frequency Circuits for Electronic Medicine

        Traditionally, integrated electronic systems are designed for stable, long-lasting operations spanning decades; however, durable, permanent form factors are not always desirable for transient electronic medicine applications. Bioresorbable electronics systems represent a fundamentally different type of emerging technology designed to have specific lifetimes. During use or upon the application of external stimuli, these electronic systems safely disintegrate into the surrounding environment, either wholly or partially, in a controlled and programmed manner. This unique vanishing capability, made possible by various categories of resorbable conductors, semiconductors, insulator materials, and mechanical designs, is highly desirable for applications in bioelectronic medicine and eco-friendly electronics requiring dynamic mechanical compliance paired with high-performance electronic functionality.
        Here, we introduce a compact, bioresorbable electronic system (BIC) designed to function within clinically relevant time frames (up to 1 month) under physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditions. The system completely dissolves through natural biosorption mechanisms, eliminating the need for surgical removal. Modeling strategies (1) quantify shifts in resonance frequency caused by diffusion-driven dielectric changes in the surrounding environment and (2) evaluate local enhancements in the signal-to-noise ratio resulting from the coupling between the implant and magnetic resonance coils to track biological processes in biological tissue. Experimental validation involves implanting the devices to enhance imaging of phantoms and a human cadaver arm following surgical intervention. Imaging demonstrations in a nerve phantom and a human cadaver suggest that this technology holds significant potential for post-surgical monitoring and evaluating recovery processes through bio electromagnetics by tracking healing and repair mechanisms in biological tissues.

        Speaker: Raudel Avila
      • 228
        Analysis of User Exposure by 2.45-GHz Wireless Smart Insoles

        Smart insoles with integrated 2.45 GHz wireless communication are emerging as a promising technology for gait analysis, injury prevention, and health monitoring. However, the state-of-the-art antennas currently used in the market of smart insoles are usually conventional, and not fine-tuned for this specific application. This is further aggravated by the non-deterministic nature of the wave propagation medium, depolarization issues, mechanical robustness, and so on. This requires transmitting at elevated power levels to ensure a reliable communication link, which leads to increased exposure of the used. One of the approaches to reduce user exposure is to design specifically tuned and impedance-robust antennas. From the impedance robustness perspective, the proximity of the ground has to be taken into account. Moreover, the insole-integrated antenna has to remain flexible and robust to mechanical stress, especially for high-performance athletic applications. Several fundamental antenna types can satisfy these criteria, namely a patch, a loop, a PIFA, and a dipole. In this context, the interaction between these antenna types and the human body must be studied to address concerns regarding the absorption of electromagnetic waves. This study investigates the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of a dipole, patch, loop, and PIFA antennas tuned to 2.4-GHz BLE (Bluetooth Low-Energy) bands, embedded in smart insoles that take into account foot anatomy, shoe materials, and soil. Using numerical simulations, we analyze the SAR distribution within the foot tissue and evaluate compliance with international safety standards. The results provide key insights for safe wireless smart insole design.

        Speaker: Lorette Quéguiner
      • 229
        Analytical Modeling of Implantable Antennas: From Spherical Body Model to Planar Body Model

        Wireless implantable bioelectronics in healthcare and biomedical research rely on radiofrequency technology for wireless body area networks. However, biological tissues surrounding implants induce substantial losses to radiofrequency links. To address this challenge, analytical modeling of implantable antennas based on simplified body models is an effective approach to investigate loss mechanisms and optimize antenna designs. In this study, two models are demonstrated: the spherical body model, representing diverse body dimensions, and the planar body model, representing large-scale hosts. Numerical cases validate the utility of analytical models in assessing radiation patterns and link efficiency, providing benchmarks for the design of implantable antennas.

        Speaker: Mingxiang Gao
      • 230
        Deep Learning Approaches for Multi-Parameter Prediction in Cardiac Pulse-Field Ablation.

        In this paper, a novel application of deep learning is proposed, to predict and optimize key parameters in cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation (PFA) treatments. Building on our extensive experience and on a large set of experimental data, we leveraged artificial neuronal networks to accurately predict the ablated area, optimize electrode configurations, and tune various heterogeneous parameters, including signal characteristics. Tests performed on experimental data available in the literature demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can effectively predict PFA treatment parameters using both single-target and multi-target networks with comparable performance. The overall accuracy of the predictions confirms the potential of this approach for optimizing PFA treatments. The promising results underscore the power of deep learning in leveraging extensive PFA clinical data and guiding future applications. This approach indeed represents a significant advancement toward developing patient-specific PFA protocols.

        Speaker: Nicolò Colistra
    • Oral Session 12: Environmental Field Measurements in Support of Exposure Assessment II Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Ken Karipidis, Mariam Al Harrach
      • 231
        Temporal characterisation of ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) levels during the rollout of 5G from microenvironmental and long-term measurements in Switzerland

        The introduction of new communication technologies may alter the ambient RF-EMF exposure, highlighting the need for in-depth temporal ambient RF-EMF characterisation. Thus, this study aims to characterise the temporal RF-EMF evolution in Switzerland using microenvironmental and long-term measurements during the rollout out of 5G. The data collection was done with ExpoM-RF4 from Fields at Work GmbH, which records the electric field strength in V/m from 80 MHz to 6 GHz. Microenvironmental measurements were conducted from July 2021 to May 2022 (baseline) and from July 2023 to May 2024 (follow-up) with the same researcher carrying ExpoM-RF4 in the same 150 outdoor areas, 91 public spaces, and 101 public transport journeys. Long-term measurements were conducted continuously with five ExpoM-RF4 placed on rooftops or at the windowsills to assess the daily and monthly RF-EMF variations. RF-EMF levels increased from 0.16 V/m to 0.17 V/m in outdoor areas and from 0.20 V/m to 0.24 V/m in public transport between 2021/22 and 2023/24. The continuous measurements indicated that RF-EMF levels were highest in the evening (21-22 pm), reflecting the increased demand of wireless data traffic before going to sleep. Monitoring the ambient EMF levels remains necessary to keep track of the exposure changes along with the introduction of new communication technologies and to provide information to the population about their ambient EMF exposure.

        Speaker: Nicolas Loizeau
      • 232
        Is population density a valid predictor of personal far-field radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in human environments?

        This study investigated how population density affects personal far-field radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF, 88 MHz - 6 GHz) exposure in environments. We present results from 8 micro-environments in Gold Coast, Australia, that are part of a larger international measurement program. The RF-EMF exposures were measured using an ExpoM-RF4™ carried in a waist bag while undertaking a 20-minute walk along pre-defined paths in each of the micro-environments. The 8 micro-environments included here were grouped into low-and high-density areas and the exposure sources were classified as: mobile downlink (DL), mobile uplink (UL) and total. Quantile regression analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effect of population density on total RF-EMF exposure levels across its distribution. Correlation analysis evaluated the relationship between mobile DL and mobile UL (far-field) exposures. High density areas had significantly higher exposure (total and mobile DL) levels compared to low density areas. The differences between the median RF-EMF exposures (in V/m) measured in the high-density area compared to the low-density area were 0.25 (total), 0.26 (mobile DL) and 0.03 (mobile UL). Mobile DL and mobile UL exposures showed a strong positive correlation (Spearman's correlation r = 0.88, p<0.0001). Population density was observed to affect the total RF-EMF exposure levels in public micro-environments. The total exposure in high density areas increased with the increase in quantile number. The magnitude of increase was generally much higher in the higher quantiles than the lower quantiles. These findings indicate that population density could be used to characterize far-field RF-EMF exposures in various public micro-environments.

        Speaker: Chhavi Raj Bhatt
      • 233
        Low Cost SDRs for RF EMF Exposure Measurements

        Applying Software Defined Radios (SDRs) for measuring exposure to Radio Frequency (RF) Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) requires calibrated sensors and antennas. A complicating factor is the influence of the person wearing the measurement device on the recorded exposure, as well as the sensor’s orientation relative to the EMF source. SDRs are not designed as power meters; they are typically used to decode RF EMF in various radio protocols. What matters is that the received signal is distinguishable from noise. However, when an SDR is repurposed as an EMF power measurement device, it is essential to determine the exact received power levels. This requires accurate calibration of the device, not only in a controlled environment but also under the same conditions as used in the field. A human body in close proximity to the sensor influences the measured field strength, even though the actual exposure to body tissue remains unchanged. The aim of this work is to implement a calibration routine for SDRs, enabling them to be used in environmental exposure studies as body sensors. To assess the stability of the SDR, various measurements were conducted, comparing the output from a Vector Network Analyzer to the values recorded by the SDR. Additionally, to account for the influence of the human body, SDRs were tested in an anechoic chamber under a known field while being carried by a person. Using the calibration factors obtained, it becomes possible to convert the SDR’s output into accurate physical EMF power measurements.

        Speaker: Derek Land
      • 234
        Spatio-temporal RF-EMF exposure assessment during six months in Belgium

        The deployment of 5G has raised public concerns regarding potential health and environmental effects, prompting further research into RF-EMF exposure. This study presents the findings of a six-month measurement campaign conducted in Belgium using two RF-EMF sensors. One sensor was placed in a rural bedroom, while the other was installed in an office building in an industrial campus near a city. The results indicate a distinct daily pattern, with lower E-field levels observed at night and higher levels during the day across all measured frequencies, where a more profound difference of 24.08 dB in the city office. Additionally, exposure levels were consistently lower on weekends compared to weekdays, reflecting variations in human activity and network usage. The exposure was lower during the weekend compared to weekdays for the village bedroom and the city office respectively. These findings contribute to a better understanding of environmental RF-EMF exposure and its dependence on location and temporal factors.

        Speaker: Han Van Bladel
      • 235
        Average transmit power of a smartphone for auto-induced uplink RF-EMF exposure assessment during different usage scenarios in Belgium, Switzerland, and France

        Differences in RF-EMF exposure from realistic smartphone usage scenarios becomes more important with the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. Previous studies only investigated legacy technologies or they were limited to measurement results in one country. This study assesses differences in average transmit power of a smartphone between voice calls, WhatsApp voice calls, WhatsApp video calls, and uplink file transfers across Belgium, Switzerland, and France. Measurements at two fixed locations in each of the 115 outdoor microenvironments (MEs), comprising both urban and rural locations, were conducted by a trained researcher with a smartphone that was held at the ear for voice calls and in front of the face for video calls. The exposure from voice calls was found to be the lowest, consistently in each country, with median values of 0.0 dBm (Belgium), -4.3 dBm (France), and -1.7 dBm (Switzerland). This is the first study, comparing uplink transmit powers during different usage scenarios, that involves multiple European countries and includes non-standalone 5G.

        Speaker: Bram Stroobandt
      • 236
        Compact Exposimeter Device for the Characterization of Electromagnetic Fields from 78 MHz to 6 GHz with Several Narrow Bands (300 kHz)

        A new compact device, which allows measurements in multiple narrow bandwidths over the entire spectrum from 78 MHz to 6 GHz. This device has characteristics of a spectrum analyzer and integrates fractal antennas for its operation. The device has been calibrated and validated against a spectrum analyzer for far-field measurements. A strong correlation between the two devices with confidence higher than 95% was obtained; indicating that the device could be considered as an important tool for electromagnetic field studies.

        Speaker: Marco Rivera González
    • 12:30
      Lunch Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Scientific Tribute to Alexandre Legros La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Julien Modolo, Rene de Seze
      • 237
        Introduction
        Speakers: Julien Modolo, Rene de Seze
      • 238
        Perception Threshold and Cortical Activity during Peripheral Powerline Frequencies Alternating Magnetic Stimulation

        The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a highly complex network comprising various components, including motor and sensory nerves. Whereas central nervous stimulation threshods for magnetic field (MF) exposure at powerline frequencies (50/60 Hz) are well established, PNS stimulation thresholds remain uncertain. Current estimations ranging from 2.3 to 6.15 V/m for in situ electric fields (EF). These values are derived from computational models and extrapolations, underscoring the need for experimental validation in humans to refine safety standards and guidelines. This ongoing study aims to determine PNS stimulation thresholds at powerline frequencies and assess associated neurophysiological effects using electroencephalography (EEG). We have developed a randomized, double-blind, controlled protocol involving healthy participants exposed to a powerline-frequency MF at the leg level (50 or 60 Hz) and a positive control using transcutaneous pulsed magnetic stimulation. Participants report sensations and rate perception intensity across 11 exposure levels via button-press. Simultaneously, EEG recordings capture brain activity to analyze somatosensory and motor responses. Preliminary data confirm the feasibility of the protocol, with perception thresholds successfully identified along with specific alpha-band frequency modulations. Initial results indicate a perception threshold of 45.9 T/s, with considerable inter-individual variability. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of human PNS thresholds and the neurophysiological effects of low-frequency MF exposure.

        Speaker: Eleonore Fresnel
      • 239
        Craniocentric Sway: Balance Modulation Points to Vestibular-Sensitive Myogenic Responses to Weak Electric Fields

        The human vestibular system, like the visual system, relies on ribbon synapses and graded potentials, making it potentially sensitive to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and induced electric fields (E-fields). While magnetophosphenes—visual sensations triggered by ELF-MF—are well-documented, direct effects on vestibular function remain inconclusive. Recent studies suggest vestibular-specific E-field stimulation can modulate postural sway beyond traditionally recognized frequency ranges. Here, we replicated the findings of Nissi et al. (2024), demonstrating that sinusoidal E-field stimulation influences balance control up to 10 Hz. Using a controlled experimental design, we apply binaural bipolar electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) at frequencies up to 10 Hz in young, healthy participants (N = 15). Postural sway was quantified via center-of-pressure (COP) analysis on a force platform, with spectrogram analyses confirming synchronized vestibular-induced oscillations. Crucially, we found that sway responses were craniocentric, aligning with vestibular physiology: participants sway in the frontal plane when facing forward, with a reversal of modulation when the head is turned 90°. These findings extend the known frequency response of the vestibular system and reinforce its sensitivity to weak E-fields. Given prior evidence of vestibular myogenic responses within ELF ranges, our results highlight the need to investigate potential vestibular effects at powerline frequencies (50–60 Hz). This work has important implications for understanding ELF-MF exposure effects, refining international safety guidelines, and advancing vestibular stimulation techniques for research and clinical applications.

        Speaker: Nicolas Bouisset
      • 240
        Recurrence quantification analysis of EEG signal during human magnetophosphene perception induced by extremely low frequency sinusoidal magnetic field

        Magnetophosphenes are visual sensations perceived as flashes of light when exposed to a time varying magnetic field. Their perception threshold serves as a key parameter in defining human exposure limits. While previous studies have primarily relied on subjective button-press reporting, electroencephalography (EEG) offers an objective approach to investigating neural correlates of magnetophosphene perception. However, traditional spectral analysis methods often fail to detect subtle dynamic changes in EEG signals. In this study, we applied Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) to assess nonlinear dynamics in EEG signals recorded from 20 healthy participants exposed to 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields (50 mT). Participants were equipped with a 64-channel MRI-compatible EEG cap, and magnetophosphene perception was recorded via button-press responses. Spectral analysis (Welch’s method) was conducted to examine power variations in alpha and beta bands, while RQA extracted nonlinear features such as Recurrence Rate (RR) and Determinism (DET). The results are still being analyzed, but we expect no significant differences in spectral power between perception (50 mT) and no perception (0 mT) conditions. However, we anticipate that RQA will reveal increased signal regularity during magnetic field exposure, evidenced by a rise in DET. These findings would suggest that RQA is more sensitive than frequency-based methods for detecting subtle EEG structural changes associated with magnetophosphene perception. This study underscores the relevance of nonlinear EEG analysis techniques in bioelectromagnetics research and the potential of RQA in studying neural responses to electromagnetic fields.

        Speaker: Maëlys Moulin
    • Oral Session 13: MMW Interaction with Human Tissue: Models, Validation, and Measurement La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Micol Colella, Nam Kim
      • 241
        Nearfield Validation of a Flexible Solid Phantom for mmW Antennas

        This paper investigates the applications of a solid silicone-carbon-based phantom for nearfield antenna characterization at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies. Unlike conventional phantoms designed to mimic permittivity, this phantom is optimized to replicate the skin’s reflectivity. Numerical simulations are performed to compare the phantom’s response to a homogeneous skin model, focusing on S11, radiation efficiency, total efficiency, and radiation patterns across different distances from a patch antenna operating at 60 GHz. Results show that, while higher errors are observed in the reactive nearfield due to strong field coupling, the phantom provides an accurate representation of near-body EM interactions, with deviations decreasing in the radiating nearfield and beyond. These findings suggest the phantom’s applicability for nearfield antenna testing, particularly in wearable scenarios, where its flexibility allows for testing on curved surfaces and dynamic body conditions.

        Speaker: Rossella Rizzo
      • 242
        Withdrawn
        Speaker: Artem Boriskin
      • 243
        Free-Space Power Density Mapping Using Thermal Measurements with Non-Reflecting Absorbing Films

        In this study, we developed a non-reflecting absorbing structure (film) for fast OTA and reference levels measurements above 6 GHz. Infrared (IR) imaging is used enabling non-perturbing, fast, and broadband 2D measurement with sub-mm resolution, in the far as well as in the near field. The absorbing film is designed to minimize perturbance of the antenna under test, which enables measurements in conditions similar to free-space. The thermal properties of the film are optimized to enhance the SNR thus enabling measurements of low-power wireless devices. The method was experimentally validated for different antenna types demonstrating excellent agreement with numerical simulations.

        Speaker: Massinissa Ziane
      • 244
        Reflection Properties of the Human Skin From 14 to 42 GHz

        With the rollout of 5G in frequency range 2 (FR2) mm-wave in the 26.5 to 30 GHz range in various countries as well as a raft of EU projects addressing health risks of 5G FR2 there is a requirement to enhance the knowledge base on skin reflection properties. In 2021 an extensive study was published by Christ et al, however, the lowest measurement frequency was 40 GHz, this is above the highest mm-wave 5G frequencies currently in use. This study fills in the gap presenting reflection measurements from 14 to 42 GHz. The knowledge is of importance in the conversion from incident power density to absorbed power density and in many measurement applications and phantoms for over the air performance measurement. In addition to reflection measurements optical coherence tomography was performed on the same skin areas to allow accurate geometric skin models to be generated for use in the accompanying simulations enabling extraction of skin layer dielectric properties.

        Speaker: Myles Capstick
      • 246
        Calibration and Validation Methods for a sub-THz Near-Field Test System

        This paper presents calibration and validation methods for a novel electric (E-) field-sensing approach in the near field of sub-THz sources (100–300 GHz). The D-band (110 – 170 GHz) was proposed for use in 6G communication systems. Radiofrequency detector diodes in traditional near-field probes cannot operate effectively beyond 110 GHz. This necessitates the development of new sensing approaches, as well as new calibration and validation methods. The sensing approach employs plasmonic modulators. A calibration procedure with standard gain horns establishes a traceable voltage-to-E-field relationship in the sensor system. Sources based on existing standards have been developed to extend their coverage to D-band system validation. The suitability of this approach for near-field E-field system calibration and validation in the sub-terahertz range was demonstrated by comparison with a commercially available system at 110 GHz.

        Speaker: Ninad Chitnis
    • Oral Session 14: Investigating RF and ELF EMF Exposure Effects Across Biological Systems Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Isabelle Lagroye, Sergei Shikhantsov
      • 247
        Cadmium co-exposure alters the effect of 50 Hz magnetic fields on human choriocarcinoma cells, a proteomics-based study

        With the rapid advancement of technology, the escalating levels of environmental electromagnetic radiation have emerged as a significant health concern. Research has demonstrated that exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) can potentiate the toxicity of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal pollutant, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, human choriocarcinoma cells (JAR) were exposed to ELF-MF (3.0 mT, 50 Hz) and Cd (2.5 µM), both individually and in combination. The results indicated that exposure to 50 Hz MF alone significantly promoted cell viability in human placental choriocarcinoma cell (JAR) not exposed to Cd, whereas it had no significant effect on cells exposed to Cd. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed a greater number of differentially expressed proteins induced by 50 Hz MF exposure in JAR cells with Cd co-exposure compared to those without Cd co-exposure. Specifically, co-exposure was associated with enhanced effects on protein transport, electron transfer, stress response proteins, DNA damage repair, growth factors, and DNA repair/synthesis pathways. In conclusion, co-exposure to Cd alters the impact of 50 Hz MF on the cell viability of human placental choriocarcinoma cells, potentially through mechanisms involving these cellular processes.

        Speaker: Guangdi Chen
      • 248
        Systematic review of animal models for neurodegenerative disease following low frequency magnetic field exposure

        Epidemiological studies have found an association between occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and the occurrence motor neuron disease and Alzheimer's disease, but not Parkinson's disease, while the evidence for multiple sclerosis is insufficient. Animal models studying neurodegenerative disease may provide more evidence on causation and the underlying mechanisms. A systematic search and review was conducted of peer-reviewed research articles involving animal experiments on the effects of low frequency magnetic field exposure on behavioural and neuroanatomical outcomes relevant for neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Experimental studies in naive animals do not support a causal relationship between low frequency magnetic field exposure and the induction of neuropathology relevant for Alzheimer's disease. For motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease the number of studies is too limited to draw conclusions. In existing animal models for neurodegenerative disease, the balance of evidence supports a therapeutic (beneficial) effect of low frequency magnetic field treatment on behavioural and neuroanatomical abnormalities relevant for dementia, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease and no effect on disease progression in existing models relevant for motor neuron disease.

        Speaker: Rianne Stam
      • 249
        Biological windows of intensity and time that reduce viability and proliferation of tumor and non-tumor cell models

        The involvement of magnetic fields in basic cellular processes has been studied for years. Intensity has long been the central parameter in hypotheses of interaction between cells and magnetic fields, however, biological systems are not linear and an increase in intensity does not always increase the occurrence of cellular effects. The main objective of this article is to obtain a specific combination of parameters (frequency, intensity, time) to reduce the viability and proliferation of various tumor cell lines. In addition, the “dose effect” theory is tested to determine whether an increase in intensity increases the cellular effects found. Different tumor (CT2A, B16F10, SKBR3, MDA-MB-231, PC12) and non-tumor (astrocytes, C8-D1A) cell lines are exposed to a magnetic field variable in time (acute: 3-24 hours; chronic: 96-120 hours) and intensity (10-1000 µT) using a frequency of 50 Hz and a square waveform. The results fit a biological window model in which the viability and proliferation of cells decrease statistically significantly in a window of values centered dependent on the type of cell used. Specific values of time and magnetic field intensity are found at which viability and proliferation decrease considerably. The cellular behavior does not comply with the so-called “dose effect” and exposures to higher intensities do not necessarily lead to a greater occurrence of the effects on the cellular processes studied. These results are important in a possible therapeutic application of magnetic fields for different pathologies such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases taking advantage of the so-called “therapeutic window”.

        Speaker: Isabel López de Mingo
      • 250
        Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field sensitizes mouse embryonic fibroblasts to hexavalent chromium on DNA damage

        The potential health hazards of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure have been a subject of concern for decades. However, the effects remain highly controversial, and the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In our study, we found that co-exposure to 1800 MHz RF-EMF and chromium (Cr) exhibits a synergistic effect on inducing DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Specifically, RF-EMF significantly enhances DNA damage in cells treated with Cr, whereas no significant DNA damage was observed when cells were exposed to RF-EMF alone. These findings provide evidence that environmental pollutants, when encountered together, may increase the risk of genetic instability. The study highlights the need for further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction and the potential long-term health risks.

        Speaker: Huang Andi
      • 251
        Frequency-SAR dependency of Mouse Cortical Cell Proliferation Under Long Hour Pulsed Microwave Exposure

        Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder with unmet therapeutic needs, prompts exploration of electromagnetic interventions [1-2]. We have studied the cell proliferation in mouse brain slices under a long hour RF exposure in an engineered wideband system (0.7-3 GHz) inside an incubator. The brain slices of Wild-type B6129 mice were exposed to pulsed microwaves (6% duty cycle) over a duration of 24 hours at 918 MHz with an averaged SAR of 0.3 W/Kg and at 1800 MHz with a range of averaged SAR values: 0.91W/Kg, 1.38W/Kg, 1.524W/Kg respectively, followed by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay to label proliferating cells.
        Quantitative analyses revealed a striking frequency-SAR dependency of cortical cell proliferation. Edu assay showed no cell proliferation in control group, whereas RF radiation at 918 MHz (average SAR: 0.3 W/Kg) induced robust proliferation (13 Edu+ cells/mm², p<0.01). At 1800 MHz, the lower averaged SAR (0.91 W/Kg) yielded minimal cell proliferation effect (1 Edu+ cell/mm²), while the higher averaged SAR values of 1.38W/Kg and 1.524 W/Kg progressively increased cell proliferation (5 and 15 Edu+ cells/mm², respectively), suggesting a dose-dependent trend despite lacking statistical significance (p>0.05).
        These results indicate that an averaged SAR of 0.3 W/Kg at 918 MHz is a potent cortical cell proliferative stimulus, while a much higher averaged SAR of 1.524 W/Kg at 1800 MHz is required to achieve a similar cortical cell proliferation level. This study has established pulsed microwaves as a feasible modality for cortical regeneration with frequency and SAR dependency.

        Speaker: Yisong Yang
    • 16:00
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Workshop 3: Molecular mechanisms of EM effects La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Lea Rems, Michal Cifra
      • 252
        Revealing preferential electroporation sites in cell plasma membranes using molecular dynamics simulations

        Electroporation is widely used in medicine to increase cell membrane permeability, enabling delivery of therapeutic molecules and nonthermal tissue ablation. While molecular dynamics simulations (MD) have revealed that electroporation can be associated with formation of pores in both lipid domains and voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), the relative likelihood of these events in actual cell plasma membranes remains unclear. This gap exists because MD simulations consider only small membrane patches under conditions that do not reflect the complex dynamics of transmembrane voltage during cellular electroporation, where initial pores cause membrane discharge that limits subsequent pore formation. To address this, we conducted atomistic MD simulations comparing poration rates between simple POPC bilayers, bilayers containing NaV1.5, CaV1.1, or CaV1.3 channels, and a complex lipid bilayer designed to represent highly poratable cell plasma membrane domains. Our results show that the tested VGICs are more susceptible to poration than POPC bilayers, forming complex pores stabilized by both lipid head-groups and amino-acid residues in their voltage-sensor domains. This enhanced susceptibility is particularly significant for medical applications targeting excitable tissues, as these channels are crucial for cardiac and skeletal muscle function. The formation of complex pores leads to unfolding of voltage-sensor domains, providing a molecular mechanism for the experimentally observed reduction in voltage-dependent ionic currents following pulse treatment. These findings advance our understanding of cellular electroporation mechanisms and have important implications for optimizing electroporation protocols in medical applications.

        Speaker: Lea Rems
      • 253
        Why do electric fields open pores in biomembranes?

        Electric fields are routinely used to facilitate therapeutical crossing of the cell membranes by drugs, DNA and other biomolecules. As a multibillion-dollar business, electroporation rests surprisingly on thin fundamental knowledge. Current modelling of why the electric field can puncture holes in the membrane has been accepted for half-a-century without having been put to stringent experimental tests. We have recently unveiled an extensive set of new data on the occurrence of pores in lipid membranes under an electric field. The results show not only that existing pore formation models cannot account for the experimental observations but point also to the likely reasons why pores form.

        Speaker: Carlos Marques
      • 254
        EMF interactions with cells: different mechanisms leading to different applications.

        Biological systems have evolved in the presence of geological electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and to generate and use physiological EMFs to meet their most vital needs. It follows that EMFs can be used to modulate biological functions and are therefore worth investigating for therapeutic purposes. Therapeutic EMFs may aim to reproduce specific cues of physiological EMFs whose properties and functions have already been elucidated. Alternatively, EMFs that differ in their properties from physiological EMFs may nevertheless induce cellular responses that can be exploited with therapeutic aims. For example, electropermeabilization of cells following the application of EMFs is commonly used to vectorize agents ranging in size from small ions (e.g., Ca2+) to large molecules (e.g., DNA), or also to induce cell death. Electropermeabilization is traditionally induced by pulsed electric fields (PEFs), but other types of EMFs can also induce it. While focusing solely on the interactions of PEFs with cell membranes, differences in the ongoing physicochemical events and in the final biological outcomes can be related to the PEFs properties (pulse duration, electric field amplitude, pulses number, monopolarity or bipolarity). It follows that some PEFs are more suitable for certain applications. In the context of the application of subnanosecond duration PEFs (sub-nsPEFs) to the Escherichia coli model, we observed two types of induced cell permeabilization that showed different characteristics when studied at the molecular level, analyzed with microscopy or flow cytometry, or evaluated for long-term effects with survival/functional assay, which we hypothesize to be due to different mechanisms.

        Speaker: Leslie Vallet
      • 255
        Effects of Intense Electric Fields on TRPV4 Ion Channels: investigating the role of water with a molecular dynamic approach

        Electroporation is a well-established technique that induces transient pores in the cell membrane by applying intense electric fields. However, biological membranes are not solely composed of lipids but also include embedded proteins, whose role in pore formation is still under investigation. This study explores the impact of high-intensity electric fields on the TRPV4 ion channel using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the aim to investigate the involvement of transmembrane protein in electroporation process. A key aspect of this investigation is the analysis of the dipole moment of water molecules, differentiating between interfacial water near the membrane surface and channel-confined water within TRPV4. Results show that interfacial water molecules exhibit no significant dipole alignment changes, suggesting strong interactions with lipid head groups. In contrast, water molecules inside the channel show increased dipole alignment with stronger E-fields, indicating a direct influence of the E-field on their orientation. These findings suggest that while interfacial water remains unaffected, channel-confined water responds directly to the electric field, highlighting its potential role in electroporation-driven membrane permeabilization.

        Speaker: Francesca Apollonio
      • 256
        Under the influence: electric fields at play from within and without – adventures in field-manipulation of proteins, water and biological systems

        Electric fields are ubiquitous in nature and their magnitudes in condensed-matter systems are of the typical order of 1 to 3 V/A. The interplay of these intrinsic electric fields in matter with externally-applied ones is a topic of much industrial and academic interest, especially at the nanoscale and in the broad arena of biological systems. In the current contribution, we explore, using water, proteins and biological channels as examples, how both experiment and molecular simulation can be used to see how applied fields at least one or two orders of magnitude lower can influence and manipulate the system response of these biophysical systems to achieve desired outcomes of biological and medical interest.

        Speaker: Niall English
      • 257
        Effects of Pulsed Electric Fields on Proteins: Insights from Modeling and Experimental Studies

        Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are increasingly recognized for their ability to modulate protein structure and function, offering applications in biomedicine, food technology, and nanotechnology. Proteins, as electrically charged biomolecules, are highly responsive to PEFs, which can induce structural changes such as rotation, unfolding, and modifications to secondary structures. Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies have shown that intense PEFs in the megavolt per meter (MV/m) range realign protein dipoles, destabilize conformations, and expose hydrophobic residues, leading to aggregation. These effects have been observed in proteins like ubiquitin and ovalbumin through methods such as circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy.
        Beyond structural changes, PEFs influence functional properties, including enzymatic activity and protein self-assembly. Studies have demonstrated altered activity in enzymes like α-amylase and pectinase, as well as reversible and irreversible effects on tubulin and amyloid fibril assemblies. These findings highlight the potential of PEFs for targeted therapeutic interventions, enzyme regulation in food processing, and control over biomolecular assembly in nanotechnology.
        Despite these advancements, further research is needed to explore the effects of PEFs on membrane proteins and refine the mechanistic understanding of protein-field interactions. The ability of PEFs to induce precise and non-thermal modifications makes them a promising tool for advancing science and technology across disciplines.

        Speaker: Michal Cifra
    • Workshop 4: Electromagnetic Fields at the workplaces: advancements in exposure assessment, risk evaluation and health studies Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Alberto Modenese, Simona D'Agostino
      • 258
        Workers with pacemakers or implantable defibrillators exposed to EMF: practical example of the risk assessment and challenges posed by new EMF sources

        The occupational health and safety framework identifies workers with an active implantable medical device (AIMD), such as a pacemaker (PM) or an implantable defibrillator (ICD), as a particularly sensitive risk group that must be protected against the dangers caused by electromagnetic field (EMF). This study evaluates the potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) posed by two emerging technologies, 5G systems and wireless power transfer (WPT) chargers, using the risk assessment procedure outlined in the EN 50527-2-1 standard. In vitro experiments were conducted using a human-shaped phantom and explanted ICDs to replicate worst-case exposure scenarios. For 5G systems, both continuous wave and pulse-modulated signals in uplink and downlink configurations were tested across key frequency bands (736 MHz and 3680 MHz). Results indicate no EMI events, confirming that 5G technology is unlikely to interfere with AIMD function. For WPT systems, a Helmholtz coil was used to generate uniform magnetic fields at 85 kHz. EMI events were observed only at magnetic field intensities exceeding 50 μT, with high-voltage therapies triggered exclusively at 100 μT. Modulated signals were more disruptive than continuous ones, highlighting the susceptibility of AIMDs to certain modulation schemes. The findings suggest that existing safety precautions for AIMD users, such as maintaining a 15 cm distance from 5G sources, remain effective. For WPT systems, the voluntary 15 μT limit recommended by standards like SAE J2954 provides a sufficient safety margin for AIMD users in realistic scenarios. These results support the continued safe adoption of 5G and WPT technologies in occupational and public environments.

        Speaker: Eugenio Mattei
      • 259
        Military personnel exposure assessment from vehicular antennas

        The increasing use of electromagnetic (EM) technologies requires to ensure regulatory compliance thorough assessments of human exposure. In military contexts, personnel frequently operate near EM sources, such as vehicular communication antennas, yet detailed exposure evaluations remain scarce. This study examines EM exposure from military vehicular antennas across a wide frequency range (HF, VHF, UHF), power levels, and operator positions. Computational models simulated realistic conditions, including personnel wearing protective equipment and adopting postures partially outside armored vehicles. The analysis revealed significant variability in exposure levels based on antenna type, frequency, power, and positioning. While all levels met ICNIRP Basic Restrictions (BR), some exceeded Reference Levels (RL). These results emphasize the need for improved rapid assessment methods or detailed case-by-case analyses to ensure personnel safety.

        Speaker: Micol Colella
      • 260
        Occupational EMF exposure in Australia: Protection of workers and research into health effects

        In Australia the ICNIRP limits are used to protect workers from excessive EMF exposure. Epidemiological studies conducted in Australia to date have not found consistent evidence of a causal association between occupational EMF exposure and long-term health effects such as cancer. A key concern across all previous studies is the quality of the EMF exposure assessment. A measurement program in high EMF exposure occupations and further epidemiological studies investigating cancer with improved exposure assessment methods are currently being conducted

        Speaker: Ken Karipidis
      • 261
        Comparison of INTEROCC RF-JEM estimates with personal full-shift measurements for 22 occupations in the Spanish and French workforce

        Background: Assessing occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in epidemiological studies is challenging due to spatial and temporal variability. An RF-EMF job-exposure matrix (JEM) was developed using self-reported occupational histories from the INTEROCC study and historical spot measurements from literature. To assess validity and precision of the JEM’s estimates, a measurement campaign of personal full-shift RF-EMF was conducted in Spain and France. Methods: Personal full-shift RF-EMF exposures were measured using 10 Narda RadMan 2XT devices on workers who volunteered to maintain diaries to document their occupational sources of RF-exposures. Personal measurement data collected were compared to the INTEROCC RF-JEM estimates in the same occupation using weighted kappa (kw) coefficients and Spearman rank correlations of exposure level and prevalence of exposure across 22 jobs with 5 or more measured workers. Results: Exposure of 333 workers was measured within 46 ISCO88 occupations. Over 99% of the measurements were below 1% of the 1998 ICNIRP occupational standards. However, 50.2% and 77.2% of workers recorded at least one instance of electric and/or magnetic field above this limit. Analyses revealed poor agreement between INTEROCC RF-JEM estimates and personal full-shift measurements (kw < 0.1). The RF-JEM overestimated exposure level by more than 194% on average. Discussion: The INTEROCC RF-JEM seems to consistently overestimate full-shift exposure to RF-EMF, possibly reflecting changes over time in workplace conditions and exposures. Conclusion: Collection of more shift-long RF-measurements is needed to refine the RF-JEM for current-day exposures. Until further validation, its use should be complemented with contemporary measurement data.

        Speaker: Maxime Turuban
      • 262
        The parameterisation of short- and long-term dynamics of workers' exposure to low frequency EMF when evaluating health and safety hazards, or the applicability of reducing exposure

        Characterising the health and safety hazards caused by exposure to a low frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) in the work environment is a research priority (based mainly on the epidemiological 2B/IARC classification for the carcinogenic impact of long-term exposure, or managing electromagnetic hazards in compliance with relevant safety requirements). The aim was to test the applicability of the parameterisation of short-and long-term dynamics of workers’ exposure, using the results of time monitoring of the RMS (root-mean-square) value of a worker’s exposure to LF-EMF when evaluating safety and health hazards, or the applicability of reducing exposure. The parameters characterising the exposure of worker moving in the B-field exposed environment were analysed in well-controlled laboratory conditions and in the real work environment. The way of the worker moved near the source of continuous LF-EMF and the organisation of the worker’s activities there significantly modified the frequency composition of EMF exposure experienced by worker, when compared to EMF emitted from the source, without a significant modification of the descriptive statistics of the RMS value of the B-field recorded by a body-worn exposimeter. However, the parameters of short- and long-term exposure variability (dynamics) analysed using the Poincaré representation are sensitive to the analysed circumstances of the worker’s activity. It was confirmed that using parameters of short- and long-term dynamics of workers’ LF-EMF exposure, monitored by body-worn B-field RMS value data loggers, may significantly improve the relevance of the parameterisation of EMF hazards in real environments, as well as evaluations of the quality of work organisation.

        Speaker: Jolanta Karpowicz
      • 263
        Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields: workers at particular risk and indications for health surveillance

        Introduction
        Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is almost ubiquitous nowadays in industrialized countries. Specific work-related risks may involve the exposed workers and accordingly an adequate health surveillance (HS) program is required, especially for the so-called "workers at particular risk".
        Methods
        In EU, the HS of workers exposed to EMF is mandatory based on the Directive 2013/35/EU. Considering the available indications and a survey among Occupational Physicians (OPs), we identified the main criteria to be considered for an appropriate HS, as well as for the identifications of the "workers at particular risk" for EMF exposure, as defined by the Directive.
        Results
        The EU Directive specifically addresses the prevention of direct biophysical effects, excluding long-term effects as scientific evidence of a causal relationship is considered inadequate, and indirect effects of EMF exposure. These latter effects include interference and the risk can be relevant in case of presence of workers with Active Implanted Medical Devices (AIMD) and/or with Active Wearable Medical Devices (AWMD), even in conditions of exposure levels below the recognized limits to protect the general public. Accordingly, the medical examinations within the HS program should carefully look for the presence of AIMD and AWMD: the most frequent devices resulted the cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators for AIMD, while drugs/hormones infusion pumps and hearing aids for AWMD.
        Conclusions
        Particular risks as the conditions of workers with AIMD or AWMD have to be carefully considered and assessed for the HS programs of subjects with occupational EMF exposure.

        Speaker: Fabriziomaria Gobba
    • Workshop 5: Innovative Applications of Electromagnetics: BioEM Young Scientists Leading the Way La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Rosa Orlacchio, Sam Aerts
      • 264
        An Insight on Recent Advancements of Radars in Short-Range and Biomedical Applications

        Over the past two decades, radar technology has gained attention as an effective tool for remote monitoring, offering significant advantages over cameras. Radars do not depend on external lighting and provide enhanced privacy, while also being capable of measuring distances, speeds, and micromovements. These benefits make radar systems valuable for long-term, wireless short-range applications. In medical applications, radar technology is used for 2D localization and vital sign monitoring detecting conditions like arrhythmias, sleep apnea, and identifying emergencies like heart attacks and falls. Radar systems can track heart and respiratory rates regardless the radar orientation with respect to the chest and can provide the contextual monitoring of multiple targets. These systems are also being used in electronic travel aids (ETAs) for visually impaired individuals, helping them navigate their environment by detecting obstacles. While current ETAs are effective, they remain cumbersome, prompting innovations like integrating radar into wearable devices such as smart canes or clothes. Although challenges remain, such as system complexity and the need for miniaturization, radar technology shows immense potential for revolutionizing healthcare monitoring and daily life assistance.

        Speaker: Giulia Sacco
      • 265
        Microwave dielectric spectroscopy for biological characterization and healthcare applications: exploring the 3D biological scale

        Non-invasive techniques for characterizing biological materials are essential for advancing biomedical research. Among these, microwave dielectric spectroscopy (MDS) has emerged as a powerful method for non-invasive, non-destructive, cost-effective and label-free analysis. By measuring the interaction of microwave frequencies with biological structures, MDS provides insights into hydration, cellular density, and metabolic activity without damaging the sample. While MDS has been successfully applied to 2D biological systems, its adaptation for assessment of 3D samples remains largely unexplored. A few years ago, our team initiated efforts to bridge this gap, and this paper presents our progress while exploring the application of MDS to 3D biological objects, including cancerous hepatic spheroids.

        Speaker: Olivia Peytral-Rieu
      • 266
        A novel observable in TMS numerical dosimetry: the Effective Electric Field

        Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an innovative therapeutic technique for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Its interaction with the brain tissue is still not fully understood. Numerical dosimetry can provide insights, however there is no consensus on the preferred observable to be evaluated.
        This study proposes a novel observable for TMS numerical dosimetry: the effective electric field (Eeff). This quantity is the E-field component parallel to the local orientation of cortical and white matter axons. Through an experimental proof of concept, it is shown how Eeff better correlates with TMS induced muscle response, compared to traditionally observed quantities. This study is the first to extract Eeff in both white and grey matter and by demonstrating the correlation between Eeff and muscle response to TMS, it introduces a novel observable for future TMS dosimetric studies, potentially enhancing its precision.

        Speaker: Micol Colella
      • 267
        Wireless battery-free neuroelectronic interfaces: Advancing efficiency and reducing user exposure

        Battery-free wireless neuroelectronic interfaces are emerging as a transformative technology in bioelectronic medicine, enabling long-term, minimally invasive solutions for neural stimulation, monitoring, and therapeutic applications. Conventional battery-powered implants face significant limitations, including bulky form factors, surgical replacement needs, and constrained longevity. Wireless power transfer (WPT) offers a promising alternative; however, its efficiency and safety remain key challenges, particularly for deep-body implants. The strong attenuation, reflection, and scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waves in biological tissues limit power delivery efficiency, while compliance with exposure regulations imposes additional constraints on transmission power levels.
        Our research focuses on a novel bio-adaptive WPT approach that leverages wavefront shaping, conformal phased arrays, impedance-matching structures, and ultra-miniaturized implantable receivers to optimize energy transfer while minimizing user EM exposure. Numerical simulations and experimental validations in tissue phantoms and ex vivo models demonstrate significant improvements over conventional single-antenna WPT methods, achieving orders-of-magnitude enhancements in power transfer efficiency and safety compliance. The proposed adaptive control mechanisms dynamically regulate power transmission based on implant positioning, reducing tissue heating and improving energy localization. Our findings establish the foundation for the next generation of safe, efficient, and autonomous battery-free neuroelectronic interfaces, with applications in brain-computer interfaces, neural stimulation, and bioelectronic medicine.

        Speaker: Denys Nikolayev
      • 268
        Development of Radiofrequency Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Validating Novel Devices for Skin Cancer Screening

        Based on reported dielectric property measurements of melanoma, we developed a tissue mimicking phantom composed of easy-to-obtain ingredients. The phantom’s purpose is to serve as a system validation phantom for radiofrequency devices that aid early detection of skin cancer. This abstract reports a developed phantom and a Cole-Cole-model of the phantom’s dielectric properties in the frequency range of 2 – 18 GHz. The developed phantom shows good agreement with reported melanoma properties.

        Speaker: Lena Kranold
      • 269
        Interactive design of EMF-exposure-aware wireless networks using augmented reality and digital twins - a technical demo

        This work presents an interactive approach to designing wireless networks with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure awareness using augmented reality (AR) and digital twin technologies. The system enables real-time visualization and optimization of base station deployments while considering EMF exposure constraints. Utilizing photogrammetry for geometry estimation and the Ray-Tracing method for wireless propagation prediction, the system captures, augments and simulates realistic propagation environments, then calculates EMF exposure levels. The AR interface allows network planners to visualize predicted EMF levels and exposure hotspots directly overlaid on the physical environment. The digital twin maintains a synchronized virtual model of the network deployment, enabling rapid assessment of different design scenarios. This technical demonstration showcases how modern visualization and simulation technologies can be combined to design EMF-aware wireless network deployments. This will be especially relevant for 6G massive antenna array systems, where spatial focusing of radio signals creates complex exposure patterns.

        Speaker: Sergei Shikhantsov
      • 270
        Discussion
    • Oral Session 15: Computational and Theoretical Insights into EMF Interaction Mechanisms La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Rosa Orlacchio, Stefania Romeo
      • 271
        Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields on TRPM8 Receptors: A Molecular Dynamics Approach

        In recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards the possible biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), particularly regarding their interaction with molecular and cellular components. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, specifically TRPM8, have emerged as key candidates due to their roles in thermosensation and cellular signaling and a potential involvement of RF-EMFs in modulating TRPM8 activity has been observed. However, direct structural observations require sophisticated and costly methodologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations represent a cutting-edge computational approach, providing deep insights into biomolecular conformational changes under external stimuli, thus complementing experimental studies and reducing the need for costly laboratory techniques.
        This study employs MD simulations to investigate the interaction of a 26 GHz RF-EMF with the TRPM8 ion channel in a lipid bilayer with an electric filed intensity of 5×107 V/m. A rigorous multi-step approach ensured accurate molecular modeling and simulation. Comparative analyses under RF exposure and control conditions revealed that while TRPM8 remains structurally stable, RF-EMF induces specific modifications in the activation gate region, suggesting a potential modulatory effect on ion channel function. Although subtle, these changes warrant further investigation to understand the biological implications of RF exposure, especially in the context of 5G technology.

        Speaker: Francesca Apollonio
      • 272
        Engineering Magnetic Field Waveforms for Biological Optimization: Part I - Biophysical Mechanisms

        Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) have gained widespread therapeutic use, yet their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Historically attributed to electric field effects, recent studies propose a magnetic basis grounded in the Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM). This framework explains how low-intensity magnetic fields influence radical pair spin dynamics via Zeeman and hyperfine interactions, modulating biochemical reaction rates and outcomes.
        Here, we present a computational investigation that combines generic PEMF test signals with RPM models of varying complexity. Our results reveal how distinct chemical yields depend sensitively on the PEMF signal’s orientation, waveform, and amplitude relative to the static background magnetic field. Notably, the characteristic "on-off" waveform of PEMF signals—analogous to "bang-bang" control in optimal control theory—emerges as a potentially optimal strategy to influence radical pair dynamics. This approach optimally minimizes or maximizes the singlet quantum yield, providing a mechanistic link between PEMF waveforms and their observed biological effects.
        By integrating optimal control techniques with quantum spin dynamics, our study bridges theoretical insights with practical applications. This dual focus on physical-biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms underscores the interplay between PEMF waveforms and the RPM, suggesting new avenues for tailoring electromagnetic therapies. The findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of PEMFs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, offering a unified perspective on their biological relevance.

        Speaker: Carlos Martino
      • 273
        Reactive Oxygen Species Modulation via Magnetic and Computational Insights in ETF: Part II - Biochemical Mechanisms

        Electron Transfer Flavoprotein (ETF) has been identified as a potential biochemical magnetoreceptor, modulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) through a radical pair mechanism influenced by magnetic fields. This study integrates biophysical optimization frameworks from Part I with computational modeling to investigate ETF’s structural and functional responses to magnetic fields, particularly focusing on its β185 site. Using Marcus theory, electron transfer rates were calculated, correlating them with ROS modulation across both wild-type and mutant ETF structures, such as G267R. These calculations highlight the role of hyperfine interactions, Zeeman splitting, and triplet-singlet interconversion in facilitating ROS dynamics.
        Molecular dynamics simulations identified key oxygen binding sites within ETF, linking specific structural features to ROS production. The β185 site was particularly responsive, with the G267R mutation showing hyperactive ROS generation due to altered electrostatic interactions. Optimized pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) resembling bang-bang control were applied to evaluate their impact on radical pair recombination and ROS modulation, revealing that tailored magnetic fields can significantly influence ETF activity.
        This research provides a roadmap for leveraging magnetic field effects in oxidative stress management and metabolic disorders. The findings bridge theoretical constructs from Part I with biochemical specificity, illustrating how magnetic optimization frameworks can inform therapeutic strategies. By demonstrating the synergy between intrinsic protein dynamics and external magnetic fields, this study advances our understanding of ROS modulation and its potential applications in bioelectronic innovations and oxidative stress-related therapies.

        Speaker: Carlos Martino
    • Oral Session 16: Current Trends in EMF Epidemiology II Les Dortoirs

      Les Dortoirs

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Joachim Schuz, Ninad Chitnis
      • 274
        A Novel Approach to Estimate Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Dose in Everyday Life for Epidemiological Research and Risk Communication

        Background: Wireless communication devices are an integral part of daily life, leading to unknown radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure levels. Dose models quantify RF-EMF exposure from different sources by adding up absorbed energy in different exposure scenarios, but uncertainties persist regarding the input data. The GOLIAT project introduces a novel approach to estimate RF-EMF dose, incorporating uncertainty across multiple exposure scenarios, including 5G technology.
        Methods: The GOLIAT dose model quantifies daily absorbed RF-EMF dose using normalized specific absorption rate (SAR) values, output power of near-field devices, and far-field exposure data for various exposure scenarios measured in the GOLIAT project or found in literature. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method quantifies the uncertainty by generating probability distributions for the input data in each scenario. An example scenario, native mobile phone call, was evaluated for somebody calling 8-minutes per day with mobile phone at the ear.
        Results: The estimated brain dose results in a median dose of 94.42 mJ/kg/day (IQR: 37.37–233.54) and a mean dose of 177.20 mJ/kg/day (95% CI: 7.47–799.77), aligning with previous dose models.
        Conclusion: Considering uncertainties in RF-EMF dose modelling illustrates the relevance of various parameters for this calculation and the limitation of simple exposure proxies for epidemiological research. The ability of the GOLIAT dose model of quantifying uncertainty across diverse exposure scenarios makes it a novel tool for evaluating potential health implications of RF-EMF exposure and its reliability.

        Speaker: Hamed Jalilian
      • 275
        The two-tier safety standard regulating human exposure to EMF is a blunt instrument – Exploring a more nuanced risk-management approach in updating the IEEE NATO Military EMF safety standard

        IEEE Std. C95.1-2345™-2014 is the NATO-facing voluntary consensus EMF exposure standard published by the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) under the auspices of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Association. This standard is undergoing its decennial revision. Military workplaces can present EMF conditions that are not found in civil environments. Military operational effectiveness is obtained by delicately balancing many risk types. This necessitates special consideration of EMF safety protocols for situations that could exceed ordinary public and occupational limits. This paper addresses the challenges faced by the ICES committee to renew safety limits for real-world military exposure environments.

        Speaker: C-K. Chou
      • 276
        Factors Influencing Anxiety about Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) in Japan: Effects of Information Provision and Individual Attributes

        Radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) are widely used, but some individuals remain anxious about their impacts. This study analyzed factors influencing changes in anxiety about wireless communication devices, using survey data from 1,940 Japanese participants collected before and after an online information intervention in 2023. Participants were grouped by initial anxiety levels (low or high) and changes in anxiety (decrease, no change, or increase).
        For low-anxiety individuals, heightened concerns about RF-EMF exposure led to both increases and decreases in anxiety post-intervention. Higher knowledge levels reduced anxiety and exposure concerns and having children under 15 increased anxiety among high-anxiety individuals, while higher dependence on wireless devices reduced it.
        The findings emphasize tailored communication strategies addressing individual knowledge, exposure concerns, and personal circumstances to alleviate RF-EMF-related anxiety.

        Speaker: Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino
    • 11:00
      Coffee Break Halle 1

      Halle 1

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • Tutorial 3: 5G Exposure assessment La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

      Conveners: Jafar Keshvari, Maxim Zhadobov
      • 277
        Progress and perspectives in international standardization of RF EMF exposure assessment methods for base stations

        The presentation will review the key principles of RF exposure assessment method for base stations specified in IEC 62232 international standard, and provide examples of implementation case studies detailed in IEC TR 62669. These methods, developed over the past 25 years, serve three complementary purposes.
        Firstly, this consists of assessing the base station compliance distances in free space. This is generally performed for product type approval purposes. Secondly, RF exposure is assessed when the base station is installed on its operational site. All relevant sources and the potential impact of the nearby environment are included at this stage. It is also important to consider that the base station’s actual emissions are continuously varying in time and space due to traffic load and beamforming. The “actual maximum approach” describes how to proceed with the base station installation compliance assessment and how to leverage actual power or EIRP monitoring and control features during operation. Finally, in-situ measurement methods are provided, including the methods used to extrapolate the maximum exposure levels. All applicable measurement and calculation techniques are described in dedicated annexes.

        Speaker: Christophe Grangeat
      • 278
        EMF Exposure in Telecom Networks: Past, Present, and Future

        Over the past few years, RF-EMF exposure assessment near telecom base stations has rapidly advanced from traditional one-time spot measurements and average exposure estimates to long-term monitoring using distributed sensor networks, user-centric measurement campaigns with on-body and on-device sensors, and computational modeling that integrates heterogeneous data sources. Whereas legacy networks broadcast signals sector-wide, 5G’s user-focused beamforming requires exposure assessments to account for dynamic resource utilization and spatiotemporal signal variations. Innovative tools now enable detailed, real-world characterization of both environmental (far-field) and auto-induced (near-field) exposures. Looking ahead, the field is moving toward dense, fast-sampling sensor deployments, seamless integration of measurement and infrastructure data, and advanced modeling techniques to provide high-resolution spatiotemporal exposure profiles. These developments support both public risk communication and scientific research, with ongoing efforts to harmonize methodologies across Europe and to address emerging challenges such as the ever-growing number of wireless devices, the introduction of new frequency bands, and the potential effects on non-human organisms.”

        Speaker: Sam Aerts
    • Award and Closing Ceremony La Nef

      La Nef

      Couvent des Jacobins

    • BioEM Board Meeting Salle 6

      Salle 6

      Couvent des Jacobins