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Studying electric field effects on biological systems, from DC to high AC frequencies, can be confounded by the coexistence charge transfer (CT) reactions. CT redox processes can alter the chemical environment of the biological system being studied. Notable CT reaction effects are: oxygen depletion, pH changes, reactive oxygen species formation, reactive chlorine formation, and electrode corrosion reactions resulting in metal ion release. This tutorial aims to be a practical primer that will overview the common CT reaction types and how to recognize and quantify them. I will cover how CT is affected by frequency/pulse length and by the electrode type. On one hand, I will discuss CT mitigation strategies, on the other hand I will provide some cases where CT can be useful in certain experiments. The notable example is using CT reactions to control oxygen gradients, creating anoxic/hypoxic regions or hyperoxic regions. This concept can be carried further to control reactive oxygen species concentrations. The goal is to provide a better understanding of fundamental electrochemistry in the context of biophysical experiments
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell cultures are the foundation of tissue engineering, enabling the reconstruction of tissues outside the body for research and therapeutic applications. While underutilized in bioelectromagnetism (BioEM) research, 3D cultures offer a more biologically relevant alternative to traditional 2D models and a more ethical, scalable, and cost-effective option than animal testing. The 3D in vitro models provide new opportunities for studying how cells and tissues respond to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields and interact with novel materials sensitive to such fields. This talk will outline practical aspects for generating 3D cultures and detecting the experimental effects, principles of selecting the 3D in vitro models for BioEM purposes, and real-world applications of these platforms. Finally, it will also explore cross-disciplinary integration, highlighting how BioEM can not only benefit from using the 3D cultures but also contribute to advancing extracorporeal tissue reconstruction and preservation, nanotechnology and pharmacological research. These synergies have the potential to improve experimental reproducibility while reducing reliance on animal models, support the transition towards more sustainable research practices, and accelerate the clinical translation of scientific discoveries.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells naturally able to give rise to different cell types of connective tissue, but also to other specialized cell types under certain conditions. MSCs also exhibit interesting secretory activities, or can even come to the rescue of damaged cells in their environment. Therefore, the use of MSCs in regenerative therapies has attracted considerable interest over the last decades. However, MSC populations exhibit high heterogeneity, which adds complexity to their study in vitro as well as in clinical applications. When transplanted into the body, lack of appropriate cell homing, cell death and rapid clearance, or inappropriate differentiation are limiting factors for the efficiency of MSC-based therapeutic applications. Therefore, the characterization of properties specific to MSCs in differentiation compared to their undifferentiated counterpart, which could lead to the development of non-damaging cell separation methods, would benefit both research and clinical applications. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label-free, rapid processing technique that can be used to characterize the electrical and dielectric properties of the cells and to perform cell electromanipulation without causing cell damage. Using a 3DEP system (LABtech, UK), we evaluated the dielectrophoretic behavior of MSCs during their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, acquiring DEP spectra (20 frequencies between 10kHz and 40MHz) at each week of differentiation. Very interestingly, we observed a significant decrease in both membrane permittivity and conductivity in both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation pathways, as early as in the first week of differentiation, before the appearance of any morphological changes. Later, the evolution of these parameters was less significant. Some other cell properties affecting the dielectrophoretic behavior evolved throughout the differentiation process. In light of these observations, simulations have shown that DEP in combination with a microfluidic channel can be used to perform cell separation of differentiating cells from the first week of the differentiation process. This approach would have the potential to isolate either pure populations of undifferentiated MSCs or populations of pre-differentiated cells devoid of undifferentiated MSCs.
Low-frequency magnetic fields induce internal electric fields in the body. When these fields are sufficiently strong, they can stimulate nerves, causing muscle contractions or sensory perceptions. Electrostimulation models, which consider the spatial and temporal characteristics of the induced electric field, can be used to determine nerve and muscle excitation thresholds. However, these models require validation with experimental data to optimize their accuracy. These more accurate models can then be used to improve current exposure guidelines. This study combines ten anatomically realistic forearm models and computational modelling with data from an experimental study on magnetic stimulation thresholds from 14 volunteers for a solenoidal coil encircling the forearm (Havel et al. 1997). Havel et al. derived their perception thresholds in terms of the induced electric field from a simplified relationship between forearm circumference and the strength of the applied dB/dt pulse needed to elicit a sensory response. This simplified approach leads to errors in the induced electric fields. We aim to calculate correction coefficients for these simplified estimates by more accurately modelling the induced internal electric fields. We will also use random sampling to account for the uncertainty associated with tissue conductivities, ensuring the results’ robustness.
This study aims to investigate the impact of high-intensity power-frequency magnetic fields (MF) on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), particularly in workplace environments with strong electromagnetic fields (EMFs). While theoretical models and numerical studies have assessed interference risks, limited experimental approach exists. In this work, we have developed an experimental setup with MF exposure and a CIED-implanted phantom in a controlled environment. The induced voltage at the device input was measured to evaluate the interference on the CIED under MF exposure. Our findings indicate a linear relationship between induced voltage and MF exposure, with good agreement between theoretical calculations, simulations, and experimental measurements. This study contributes to the risk assessment for CIED users in high-intensity MF environments. Future work will explore more complex configurations to refine and expand the results.
This study investigates the effects of electric fields on red blood cell (RBC) movement in whole blood, focusing on simulating realistic exposure conditions. It is part of a broader effort to elucidate the biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields and understand their impact on living systems. In previous work, we demonstrated that electric fields significantly influence RBC migration velocity, with electrophoresis dominating under direct current (DC) fields and dielectrophoresis under alternating current (AC) fields. These findings, however, were obtained using uniform electric fields. To address this limitation, we developed a system with electrodes designed for non-uniform electric field distributions, closer to those encountered in the human body during exposure.
The experimental setup included electrodes arranged in curved and straight configurations relative to the x-axis, enabling detailed investigation of RBC velocity under varying electric field distributions. The theoretical basis for RBC movement was analyzed using equations describing electric field strength and its gradients. Experimental results showed that RBC velocities closely matched theoretical predictions, particularly in cases involving complex field geometries. While minor discrepancy was observed under certain AC exposure conditions, the optimal approximation curves aligned well with theoretical models.
These results suggest that electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis are the primary mechanisms governing RBC movement under DC and AC electric fields, even in whole blood in spatially inhomogeneous fields. By bridging theoretical analysis with experimental validation, this study provides insights into ELF electric fields' biological effects and lays a foundation for biomedical applications.
Inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) systems use magnetic fields to transfer power between a transmitter and a receiver; the receiver is typically integrated into a device with a battery to be charged, e.g., in smartphones or electric vehicles. The highest fields, which are typically generated at the surface or in locations closest to the coils of these devices, decay rapidly as a function of distance from the device, and the rate of decay depends on the construction of the device. Since the sensors of measurement systems have dimensions of millimeters to centimeters, the field at the surface needs to be extrapolated. In this study, the error for assessing the incident field at the surface of devices is determined for different extrapolation methods, and a new extrapolation model is developed and validated. Th new model allows the compliance of WPT devices to be demonstrated with the incident field at the surface with an uncertainty of less than 30%.
In this study, the electromagnetic field (EMF) safety assessment of a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system during charging operations of a moving compact electric vehicle (EV) is evaluated. Specifically, different positions of the DWPT coils that account for the in-motion EV are considered for both aligned and misaligned configurations. Compliance with international safety standards has proven that reference levels (RLs) are exceeded in the extreme case of a bystander near the car (about 0.5 m in the sidewalk and 1 m in the crossing walk). In contrast, RLs are never exceeded for a passenger inside the car, at least for the considered scenarios. Future directions are also provided to reduce human exposure and improve EMF safety.
The aim of this work is to assess the impact of face-down, or prone, posture during MR examination on the RF-induced heating of medical implants. As face-down postures during MR examination, used for breast as well as some wrist and elbow imaging scenarios, may lead to different induced electrical field distributions, the resulting RF-induced power deposition may also change dramatically. To quantify the associated uncertainty, the Virtual Population anatomical model Ella was modified to incorporate prone breast tissues and posed with one or both arms raised above the head, with the head positioned close to the bore wall. The induced electrical fields and corresponding Tier 3 power depositions are compared to supine Ella for generic pacemakers, deep brain stimulators (DBS), and cochlear implants. The results show that the anatomical model posture and position associated with face-down MR examination could potentially lead to more than 3 dB differences in the Tier 3 power deposition evaluation for cochlear implants, due primarily to additional capacitive coupling of the head and shoulder region to the RF-coil.
In this research, we investigate potential effects and underlying mechanisms of 5G NR FR1 RF-EMF exposure on dopaminergic neurons during key stages of their development. We study effects of 5G NR FR1 on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hu-iPSC) as they develop into dopaminergic neurons. As poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1), an enzyme primarily known for its role in DNA repair, has been implicated in neurodegeneration, we generated PARP1 knockout (KO) iPSCs to further investigate its involvement. Wildtype (WT) and PARP1-KO cells were exposed at 1950 MHz at a SAR of 3.5 W/kg for 33 hours, with 10 minutes ON/OFF cycles or sham-exposed during the induction phase of neuronal development.
First results showed that suppressing PARP1 expression leads to an increase in the dopaminergic neuronal cell population and promotes neuronal maturation. 5G RF-EMF exposure led to promotion of synaptic formation in both WT and PARP1-KO cells, compared to sham-exposed cells. Also, a trend towards fewer astrocytes (glial cells that are important for defense and homeostasis of neurons) was observed in RF-EMF-exposed cells. No significant changes in cell death and activity of glial cells were found.
Our results indicate that PARP1 is involved in neuronal development. Therefore, comparing PARP1-KO and WT cells could help uncover mechanisms underlying the potential effects of 5G RF-EMF during early developmental stages.
The implementation of the 5th generation of wireless telecommunication networks is accompanied by an increase in the operational frequency of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Studies have shown that the absorption of RF-EMFs by insects leads to dielectric heating, potentially affecting an insect’s behaviour and survival depending on their intensity. It is also known that the planned higher telecommunication carrier frequencies are absorbed more efficiently in insects. Protective thresholds for exposure to RF-EMFs are currently based on anthropocentric measures and the majority of the available publications focus on vertebrate animals. Due to their size, it is unknown if the current exposure levels are safe for insects. This research project aims to investigate the impact of RF-EMFs on mosquitoes by exposing them to various frequencies and intensities of radiation in a controlled laboratory environment, while assessing quantifiable behavioral changes in order to establishing dose-response curves. We mimicked the exposure of an insect approaching a 5G base station antenna by releasing a single mosquito into a tunnel where, at the opposite side, a bait is placed in front of an antenna. As the mosquito flies towards the bait, a video tracking system records its flight path. Numerical modelling of RF-EMF exposure along the flight path of the mosquito enables calculations of the level of radiation absorbed by the insect, thus establishing RF-EMF dose-response curves for behavioral changes, if present. The results could help establish radiation thresholds that are critical to insects.
The wide and rapid growth of wireless communication technologies, particularly the introduction of WI-FI or 5G networks, raised concerns about their potential impact on living organisms, the environment and health. As 26 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) are more likely to interact with small objects such as insects, understanding the effects RF-EMFs on ecosystems, and health became critical. This study aims to assess the generational effects of chronic exposure to 26 GHz RF-EMFs in a well-controlled condition on insects.
Using D. melanogaster Canton S strain, known for its short life cycle and genetic similarities with higher organisms, we investigated the long-term impacts of 26 GHz RF-EMF exposure across 10 generations by comparing freshly hatched and aged adult. The study performed in blind monitors key health indicators including phenotypical aspect of developmental cycle, locomotor activity, and associated neurobiological issues. To maximize the mechanistic understanding of RF-EMF effects on D. melanogaster, we will explore omics variation, first transcriptomic to identify altered pathways and then metabolomics to further validate previous observation or identify more subtle effects.
This study is part of the exposure to electromagnetic fields and planetary health (ETAIN) project that contributes developing a deeper understanding of the ecological and health-related effects of RF-EMFs. Throughout risk-assessment approach on D. Melanogaster, we will provide valuable insights on 26 GHz RF-EMF chronic exposure on insects which can also be translated into Human health. Thus, paving the road for policymakers and shape regulatory frameworks surrounding wireless technologies using RF-EMFs.
The discussion on the health risk due to RF-EMF exposure has become even more acute with the deployment of 5G mobile communication technologies which operate in the FR1 (below 7 GHz) and FR2 (above 24 GHz) frequency bands. With reference to FR2 band, skin is considered one of the main targets due the low penetration depth of EMF in this frequency range. Here we used HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell model, to investigate the effects of a 5G modulated signal at 26.5 GHz on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) at different time points from the end of exposure. Two exposure approaches have been planned, which we refer to as bulk and real-time measurements. For bulk measurements, we used a well characterized reverberation chamber (RC)-based exposure system, which relies on two RCs (one for RF exposure and the other for sham exposure) hosted inside two standard cell culture incubators. The second approach relies on a customised RF exposure system currently under development, which will allow the screening of real-time effects through live cells confocal microscopy.
For bulk experiments, cell cultures were exposed for three hours at 1 W/kg SAR, and the results suggest an increase in ROS formation and hyperpolarization of the MMP immediately after and 18 h after RF exposure, respectively. Complementary investigations will be carried out to clarify the observed findings. The experiments are carried out in the framework of 5G:SMILE project funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research.
During more than four decades, there has been a discussion about whether exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) below guideline levels may be associated with an increased risk of childhood leukaemia. Results from epidemiological studies have unusually consistently showed an increased risk. Original data from studies of ELF-MF and childhood leukaemia of sufficient quality have been included in consecutive pooled analyses allowing harmonized exposure definitions and cutpoints, and a similar effort has been done for distance to power lines. There is evidence from these pooling efforts, and from individual studies that cover a long calendar period, suggesting that the association between ELF-MF and childhood leukaemia has declined over time. This decline is unlikely to be explained by changes in study quality. It could be a true causal association that has declined over time, or an association that was biased by confounding from an unknown risk factor for childhood leukaemia which has declined in prevalence over time or is no longer associated with ELF-MF, or simply random variation. Further research would be needed to determine the reason for the decline.
Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer among children worldwide, with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL) being the most common subtype. pB-ALL is known for its genetic diversity, featuring various subtypes that involve recurrent and sometimes hereditary genetic alterations. A two-step model suggests that while these genetic alterations may occur before birth, additional secondary genetic events are crucial for the transformation into leukemia. Environmental factors, such as exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF), have been studied for their potential linkage to childhood leukemia, but results from animal studies have been inconclusive due to the limitations of available models.
During the course of the European Commission-funded ARIMMORA project, a new transgenic mouse model, Sca1-ETV6-RUNX1, was developed, which mimics pB-ALL and has been used to study ELF-MF exposure in a pilot study. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) has launched the research program “Radiation Protection in the Process of Power Grid Expansion”, which funds several projects on childhood leukemia. Two of them investigate the impact of ELF-MF exposure on mice using the mouse model from ARIMMORA. In the first study, young mice were exposed and specifically examined for changes in their immune status up to 28 days after birth. The second still ongoing study is investigating whether mice of this model develop leukemia over the course of two years after being exposed to ELF-MF first in utero and then up to 3 months of age. In this talk, those studies will be presented in more detail.
Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and the development of childhood leukemia. However, further research is necessary because the causal relationship remains unclear. The most common type of childhood leukemia is acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia, which results from the dysregulated differentiation of B-progenitors and their abnormal proliferation. Because acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia does not develop spontaneously in commercially available rodent models, indicating that leukemogenic processes are associated with interspecies differences between humans and rodents, we have been evaluating the effects of MF exposure using human cells. We first performed in vitro experimental studies to elucidate whether ELF-MF exposure could influence leukemogenesis in humans. The results of MF exposure during the differentiation process from human iPS or primary cells suggested that 50 Hz MF exposure at 300 mT may not affect the human differentiation process from mesodermal cells to B-cell lineages. Next, we applied humanized mice that engrafted human hematopoietic stem progenitor cells and imitated human hematopoietic system in the mice to MFs exposure experiments. An animal exposure system that can stably generate uniform 50 Hz MFs of up to 5 mT(rms) has been newly fabricated in our laboratory. Two months of exposure tests have been completed, and we evaluate the effects of 50 Hz MF on the human hematopoietic system in humanized mice. Our continuous efforts should contribute to understanding the possible causal relationship between ELF-MFs and childhood leukemia.
Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) have been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s (IARC) Monograph programme on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans in June 2001. The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans, with classification as Group 1 carcinogens (“carcinogenic to humans”), Group 2A (“probably carcinogenic to humans”), Group 2B (“possibly carcinogenic to humans”), and Group 3 (“not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans”), based on the strength of evidence. The evaluation of ELF-MF was Group 2 B based on the findings from epidemiological studies of childhood leukaemia (limited evidence from cancer in humans), while there was inadequate evidence from cancer in experimental animals and no relevant support from other mechanistic data. Many other assessments have referred to the IARC classification when updating their literature review, most commissioned by the European Commission (EC), by their “Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)”, which evaluated electromagnetic fields (EMF) in general in March 2007, again in January 2009, and in March 2015; most recently by their “Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER)” adopted in April 2023, and in May 2024 and a risk assessment within the EC-funded ARIMMORA project. All of the published opinions were in agreement with the previous IARC evaluation.
To better understand the assessment of “limited evidence in humans” it is crucial to discuss the strengths and limitations of the respective epidemiological studies, which will be done at the workshop.
This year marks 30 years since the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project. A significant milestone in EMF research was the 2002 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) assessment, which classified extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B) due to their association with childhood leukemia. The WHO's Environmental Health Criteria document (EHC322) in 2007 identified the causal nature of this relationship as a critical research priority.
This workshop addresses this priority focused on acute lymphocytic leukemia by examining three key components: epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, supporting biological findings from animal and cellular studies, and trying for comprehensive integration of evidence for hazard assessment. The workshop aims to reflect three decades of research findings, evaluate current understanding of the potential causal relationship, and identify future research directions.
International experts will present current research perspectives in four scientific sessions: an epidemiological overview by Prof. Maria Feychting (Karolinska Institute), animal studies from the BfS research program by Dr. Janine Schmidt (BfS), CRIEPI's in vitro research on causality by Dr. Masayuki Takahashi (CRIEPI), and authoritative evaluations by Dr. Joachim Schuz (IARC) and general discussion will be held.
This study explores how transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) influences neural oscillations, which are critical for brain function and can be disrupted in neurological disorders. tACS, a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, applies low-intensity electrical currents to modulate cortical activity. However, the precise effects of stimulation frequency and intensity on neural entrainment remain unclear.
Using a microscale neural model of the cortical column, the study simulates alpha and gamma rhythms to examine how tACS affects different neuron types within a realistic network. The findings indicate that tACS entrains neuron activity through phase locking, but the degree of entrainment varies based on stimulation frequency and neuron type. These insights help refine neuromodulation strategies for treating conditions like epilepsy by improving our understanding of how tACS interacts with neural circuits.
The application of centromedian stimulation (CMS) has been limited by the lack of clarity regarding its mode of action. In this study, we used stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) signals from a patient with focal cortical dysplasia. The suppression of neocortical interictal activity with CMS was frequency-dependent: no effect at 50 Hz, 15s suppression at 100Hz and ~2s suppression at 70 and 150 Hz. We developed a neurophysiologically-plausible thalamocortical model to simulate the recorded thalamic and neocortical SEEGs. The sustained suppression of interictal activity in the neocortex was modelled by incorporating extrasynaptic-inhibition and short-term plasticity mechanisms in the thalamic compartment. The model is based on two assumptions. First, high-frequency CMS strongly activates the inhibitory subpopulations in the thalamus. This causes GABA-spillover that engages postsynaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic-receptors of the thalamic cells. Their engagement decreases thalamic glutamatergic input to the neocortical pyramidal cells, and subsequently suppresses interictal discharges. Second, during 150Hz CMS, we hypothesize that the activation of presynaptic GABA-B-receptors and an increased rate of GABA reuptake facilitate the reappearance of neocortical interictal activity. The effect of each of the mechanisms implemented was quantified by rigorously comparing simulated and the recorded SEEG signals in terms of their signal morphology and interictal spiking frequency.
Delivering low-intensity electrical currents through scalp electrodes, using transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can modulate the membrane potential of cortical neurons and may potentially restore the balance of excitability in epileptogenic networks. Optimizing the efficacy of tDCS to decrease the frequency of seizures requires a better understanding of tDCS impact on brain dynamics at both local and network levels. The aim of this study is to develop a pipeline integrating finite element method (FEM) modeling of tDCS electric fields and neural mass models, and to evaluate the effects of these weak electric fields on the activity of epileptogenic networks. Bridging field simulations with network-level dynamics offers insights into the mechanisms of tDCS and its potential optimization as a therapeutic tool for epilepsy. Results show changes in network connectivity and a decrease in the activity of the propagation zones post-stimulation.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows promise for drug-resistant epilepsy patients, but monitoring treatment efficacy remains challenging. While current monitoring relies on subjective seizure diaries, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings offer a more objective approach through the detection of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). However, automated IED detection faces challenges with varying recording conditions and treatment-induced changes in signal patterns.
We present a novel framework that enhances patient-specific deep learning models with synthetically generated EEG data for automated IED detection. Our approach incorporates personalized simulations of both the patient's epileptic activity and their tDCS treatment response. We expect to show that this synthetic data augmentation improves model resilience to recording variations and maintains consistent performance across treatment sessions. This method should reduce the reliance on expert annotation while providing robust, objective monitoring of tDCS treatment outcomes.
Bioelectromagnetism has proven itself to be useful to manipulate cells and harness them for therapies. My journey with bioelectromagnetism started with developing tumor-treating fields on a microfluidic chip and using it to study how bioelectrical simulations can inhibit cancer proliferation. Intrigued by this phenomenon, I then moved on to using a wireless magnetic system that can be transduced into mechanical stimulation for activating neurons during my PhD. Now, I am leading a research thrust using magneto-mechanical stimulation to enhance fibroblast and stem cell function for wound healing. Through my talk, I hope to encourage the research trainees to explore the use of bio-electro-magneto-mechano stimulations for diverse therapeutic applications.
Introduction: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF; frequencies 100 kHz to 300 GHz) is ubiquitous. Concerns about potential health effects persist. The World Health Organization identified cancer as a key concern in relation to RF-EMF exposure. This umbrella review synthesises available evidence on the relationship between far-field RF-EMF exposure and neoplastic diseases up to May 2024. Methods: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of human observational studies on RF-EMF and cancer were retrieved from MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, EMF-Portal, and Epistemonikos databases from inception to 15 May 2024. The eligibility criteria followed the PECOS scheme and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using AMSTAR 2. A qualitative synthesis was performed using standardised forms and presented with text and tables. Results: Of the eight systematic reviews synthesised, five reported limited evidence of cancer risk from RF-EMF exposure, two reported increasing risks, and one failed to draw specific conclusions. All systematic reviews exhibited substantial risk of bias. Discussion: Within eligibility period, the scopes of the systematic reviews exhibited poorly focused scopes, inconsistent reporting, and limited primary studies. Methodological shortcomings complicated the synthesis of reliable evidence. These challenges emphasise the need for robust methodologies, standardised protocols, and enhanced data quality to strengthen the reliability of future research. Conclusion: Inconsistent quality, incomplete reporting, and methodological flaws in the systematic reviews hindered reliable conclusions. High-quality systematic reviews are essential for providing a more reliable understanding of the relationship between RF-EMF and cancer.
Adolescents are frequent users of mobile phones, which exposes them to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) during an important stage of their cognitive development.
We aim to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance and mobile phone use, including RF-EMF exposure, in a new cohort to contribute to a better understanding of mobile phone use in adolescents.
HERMES3 is an ongoing prospective cohort (n=292) study with Swiss adolescents (aged 11-15) recruited in 28 schools. Baseline data collection involved 1) six standardized, computerized cognitive tests covering different cognitive domains and 2) a questionnaire about mobile phone use, both completed in school. We used linear mixed models to test for an association of cognitive performance with a) mobile phone screen time and b) voice calling.
Ninety-two percent of participants owned a mobile phone, which they used for 138 (±88) minutes per day on average. Seventy-three percent of participants reported using their mobile phone it for voice calls. In a preliminary analysis, we did not observe a significant association between cognitive performance, screen time, and voice call duration.
Initial results indicate that there is no association between cognitive performance, mobile phone screen time, and voice call duration in the HERMES3 cohort. However, we need a more detailed RF-EMF exposure assessment and longitudinal data to draw conclusions about the relationship between RF-EMF exposure and cognitive performance.
The largest case–control study (Interphone study) investigating glioma risk related to mobile phone use showed a J-shaped relationship with reduced relative risks for moderate use and a 40% increased relative risk among the 10% heaviest regular users, using a categorical risk model based on deciles of lifetime duration of use among ever regular users. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations examining whether the reported estimates are compatible with an assumption of no effect of mobile phone use on glioma risk when the various forms of biases present in the Interphone study are accounted for. Among those, four scenarios of sources of error in self-reported mobile phone use were considered. Input parameters used for simulations were those obtained from Interphone validation studies on reporting accuracy.
We found that the scenario simultaneously modeling systematic and random reporting errors produced a J-shaped relationship perfectly compatible with the observed relationship from the main Interphone study with a simulated spurious increased relative risk among heaviest users (odds ratio = 1.91) compared with never regular users. The main determinant for producing this J shape was higher reporting error variance in cases compared with controls, as observed in the validation studies.
Some uncertainty remains, but the evidence from the present study correcting for observed reporting errors shifts the overall assessment to making it less likely that heavy mobile phone use is causally related to an increased glioma risk.
Introduction: Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure has been hypothesised to increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, but epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive. This study investigates the relationship between long-term ELF-MF exposure and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in adults living in Switzerland.
Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study using the Swiss National Cohort (SNC), covering an 18-year follow-up (2001–2018) and including 3.5 million individuals. ELF-MF exposure was estimated using proximity models based on residential distance to high-voltage power and railway lines. Residential histories were used to account for mobility, and cumulative ELF-MF exposure was calculated in μT-years. Mortality outcomes included Alzheimer’s disease, other dementias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Associations were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors.
Results: Over follow-up, over 128,000 deaths from neurodegenerative diseases were recorded. Cumulative ELF-MF exposure was low (95th percentile: 0.97 μT-years for power lines, 3.27 μT-years for railway lines). No increase in mortality risk was observed for Alzheimer´s disease, ALS, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. A slight increase in risk for other dementias was observed with power line exposure (HR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.002–1.019), though residual confounding cannot be ruled out.
Conclusions: This large-scale comprehensive study found no evidence linking ELF-MF exposure to neurodegenerative disease mortality. The findings align with previous studies, which have not established a consistent link between residential ELF-MF and neurodegenerative outcomes.
The rise in mobile technology use has increased RF-EMF exposure, raising health concerns, especially for younger populations. This study estimates RF-EMF exposure in children and adolescents, focusing on mobile device use and resulting brain exposure. Data from five countries (France, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, and Japan) were collected in the Expo-ENFANTS Project, with preliminary analysis of Spain (N=1,129) and the Netherlands (N=600) covering five age groups (1-2, 3-6, 7-11, 12-13, and 14-16 years). RF-EMF exposure (daily brain dose) was estimated using the ETAIN dose calculator incorporating the specific absorption and duration of smartphone use for each activity. Differences in mobile phone use were found between age groups, with Spanish adolescents reporting higher usage of phone calls and video calls compared to Dutch children. Our preliminary findings characterize RF-EMF exposure from various mobile communication activities, including native phone call or mobile data calls, video calls, streaming, gaming, and headphone use, stratified by age. The activities contributing to the highest RF-EMF brain doses were mobile phone video streaming, with adolescents receiving 136.5 mJ/kg/day and young children (ages 3-6) receiving 127 mJ/kg/day, followed by online gaming for 1-2-year-olds (127 mJ/kg/day), and mobile phone calls for adolescents aged 14-16 (130 mJ/kg/day). The findings highlight RF-EMF exposure among younger children and adolescents, with video streaming and online gaming being major contributors. Further analyses will incorporate brain and whole-body dose exposure, for the rest of the study countries and provide a more detailed understanding of RF-EMF exposure patterns.
The exponential increase of communication devices by younger generations in the past years has made it difficult to identify the patterns and scope of their use. The heightened use combined with concerns about potential health impacts of these devices, highlights the importance of unraveling and identifying how individuals use these devices. The aim of our study is to use latent class analysis to identify potential patterns in communication device use of young people. We used an online panel survey data collected in the GOLIAT EU funded project regarding use and functions of devices of 4,000 individuals ages 16-25 from Spain, Italy, Poland, and Switzerland. We performed a latent class analysis to identify classes of device use. Subsequently, we used multinomial logistic regression to identify differences of class membership based on various characteristics individually: age group, gender, parental education, and country. We identified four device use classes: high usage, low usage, smartphone and laptop preference, and non-smartphone preference. Older age groups were more likely to be high usage users. Males were more likely to be non-smartphone preference and low usage users. Participants with parents from higher education were more likely to be high usage users. Participants from Switzerland were more likely to be non-smartphone preference users, and from Poland smartphone and laptop preference users. Future work includes identifying changes of communication device classes and identifying differences of individual RF-EMF dose estimates based on class assignment.
The dielectric properties of human tissues are important to consider in the context of several biomedical applications, such as electrical stimulation, radio frequency hyperthermia, pulsed electric-field based treatment and for the development of numerical models covering those applications. In this work, we present an experimental study of human pancreases, both healthy and tumour-bearing, in the context of electroporation. They are compared to pig samples, to estimate the relevance of this more accessible model in medical studies. The study is organized into two parts:
Firstly, the dielectric properties of the samples were measured through impedance monitoring in a basic planar two-electrode set-up, in order to bring new data to the literature on this underdescribed organ.
Secondly, the same samples were pierced with two needle electrodes, to conform to a real application of an electroporation protocol. The impedance of the sample was measured again in this particular configuration, before and after the application of a classical ESOPE electroporation protocol. The goal is to find a specific marker for in-situ impedance to follow during a treatment, in order to measure the dynamic of the treatment with the repetition of pulses, trough quick mono-frequency measurements between the pulses. The relative variation of phase has been identified as a potential marker, has it presented a maximum at a frequency compatible with a measure between pulses. The first measurements in between pulses on ex vivo samples present a convergence of this marker, possibly making it a good measurement of the completeness of the treatment.
Biological autoluminescence (BAL) presents a novel, real-time, and non-invasive method for monitoring electroporation in yeast. This study highlights its application in optimizing pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, BAL dynamics were analyzed during PEF exposure (2–7 kV cm⁻¹), with results validated against traditional methods like impedance measurements and dye-based assays. The findings reveal a strong correlation between BAL intensity and electroporation efficiency, with a significant threshold at 6–7 kV cm⁻¹. Unlike existing methods, BAL offers advantages in sensitivity, ease of integration into continuous systems, and avoidance of toxic dyes or electrode fouling. The study underscores BAL’s potential as a real-time feedback mechanism, enabling optimization of PEF parameters in both industrial and research contexts.
The results presented in "Microsecond Electric Pulses and DC stimulation: A Promising Approach to Targeting Inflammation" come from the evaluation of the electrical stimulation protocol set in RISEUP project on macrophages cells. Here we demostrate that not only DC, but also mcirosecond electric pulses can modulate the immune respone
Recently, increasing interest has been directed toward the use of pulsed electric fields in biomedical applications to promote cell regeneration and differentiation. Central to this is spinal cord injury (SCI) research within the European Project RISEUP, in which an electrified, implantable scaffold-device, able to stimulate stem cells through ultrashort, intense electrical pulses (µsPEFs), is under development for SCI regeneration. The alteration of ionic fluxes across electroporated cell membranes can significantly affect intracellular calcium levels, which play a vital role in the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Additionally, another critical aspect of this research is assessing the potential influence of µsPEFs on the spontaneous neuronal activity of induced neuronal stem cells (iNSCs). To achieve this, this study presents multiphysic and multiscale models of a 2D virtual MSC and a 2D virtual iNSC, designed to predict the biophysical effects on cells following µsPEF exposure.
Gelonin is a ribosome-inactivating protein with high intracellular toxicity but limited cell permeability. Targeted membrane disruption, such as electroporation, enhances its cellular uptake for potential cancer therapy and tissue ablation. We demonstrate a 100- to 1,000-fold increase in gelonin cytotoxicity with pulsed electric fields in T24, U-87, and CT26 cell lines. The effective gelonin concentration for 50% cell killing (EC50) ranged from <1 nM to ~100 nM in electroporated cells, whereas intact cells showed minimal response even at 1,000 nM, reducing survival by only 5–15%.
Longer pulses proved more effective at lowering gelonin EC50 across isoeffective electroporation protocols using 300-ns, 9-µs, and 100-µs pulses. Increasing the electric field strength of eight 100-µs pulses from 0.65 to 1.25 kV/cm further reduced EC50 from 128 nM to 0.72 nM. Conversely, the presence of 100 nM gelonin enabled a more than 20-fold reduction in the number of pulses required for equivalent cytotoxicity. These findings highlight the potential of pulsed electric field-mediated gelonin delivery for tumor and hyperplasia ablation at low concentrations, minimizing systemic toxicity.
Spinal metastases represent 90% of spinal masses detected through imaging, necessitating advancements in treatment. Electroporation, a technique using electric energy to alter cancer cell membrane permeability, enhances chemotherapeutic uptake and promotes tumor control. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of using individual and paired electric fields for tissue ablation in healthy bone and critical structures using novel coaxial bipolar electrodes in an ovine model.
Electroporation was performed on sheep vertebral bodies (L2-L4) with electric field intensities delivering at least 3500 J/kg, sufficient to ablate bone tissue. The study assessed effects on surrounding sensitive structures, including peripheral nerves and the spinal cord. Seven days post-procedure, ablation was evident with both single and paired bipolar electrodes. Histological analysis confirmed bone ablation, with absent osteoblasts, pyknotic osteocytes, and empty lacunae, as well as no bone growth indicated by tetracycline fluorescence.
Histomorphometric analysis revealed significant differences in ablated areas: L2 (single electrode) had a mean ablation area of 99.56 ± 18.00 mm², while L3 and L4 (paired electrodes) had significantly larger areas of 238.97 ± 81.44 mm² (p < 0.0005). Importantly, no neurological deficits were observed in the spinal cord or nerves.
The findings suggest that coaxial bipolar electrodes, applied transpedicularly, provide a safe and minimally invasive method to treat spinal tumors and metastases of varying sizes, effectively protecting critical neural structures. This approach offers promising potential for advancing spinal tumor therapies.
How do cells cooperate toward creating and maintaining complex body structures? How do cells know what to build and when to stop? Endogenous bioelectric signaling functions as a cognitive glue, binding individual cells toward a collective intelligence that navigates anatomical space. Groups of cells solve problems across embryogenesis, regeneration, aging, and cancer suppression, using bioelectrical networks to store setpoint patterns. In this talk, I will explain the mechanisms and algorithms by which bioelectric networks implement the mind of the body. An exciting roadmap for definitive regenerative medicine is made possible by targeting the bioelectric interface to reprogram and collaborate with the agential material of life.
Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are mainly used for telecommunications purposes such as radio and television broadcasting, mobile telephony, and other wireless communications. Concern has been raised regarding possible adverse effects to human health, such as cancer, from RF-EMF exposure, recently from emerging technologies like the 5G mobile network. It is therefore crucial to perform a health risk assessment to support decision-makers and the general public.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has an ongoing project to assess potential health effects of exposure to RF-EMF in the general and working population. The WHO is currently developing a monograph as part of its Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series which will assess the available evidence on RF EMF and health. The monograph will be informed, among other things, by a set of commissioned systematic reviews related to several priority health outcomes, including cancer investigated in human observational studies.
The current systematic review included 86 cohort and case-control studies investigating RF EMF exposure and various cancers. The meta-analysis yielded no associations between RF EMF exposure from mobile phones, telecommunications antennas or occupational exposure and the various cancers investigated. The certainty in the evidence was variable across the specific RF EMF exposure sources and various cancers investigated.
While narrative reviews can be valuable for providing expert opinions and discussing complex topics, systematic reviews offer a more rigorous, transparent, and comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence, making them preferable for formulating evidence-based decisions in research, and policy-making for topics like the health risk assessment of RF EMF.
Over the last decades, considerable scientific efforts have been made to determine whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) below guideline levels may affect cancer risk. The widespread use of handheld mobile phones in the general population, that developed from none to essentially 100% in less than two decades, makes this a potentially very important public health issue. The research field has to a large extent been driven by epidemiological studies, some of which reported increased risks of brain tumours, while others found no associations. Notably, raised risk estimates have been reported in some studies with a case-control design, while the few cohort studies found no increased risks. Case-control studies with retrospectively collected exposure information are subject to several sources of bias which may have influenced their findings, such as differential recall bias and selection bias from non-participation. These biases are especially problematic for case-control studies of brain tumours, as the disease often affects memory, progress rapidly and has a poor prognosis. Cohort studies with prospectively collected exposure information are not affected by differential recall or selection bias but may instead be subject to non-differential exposure misclassification, especially if they lack quantitative exposure data. The COSMOS cohort study was initiated to address these limitations, through prospective collection of exposure information to achieve the same level of detail in exposure data as the case-control studies, but without differential recall bias because all participants are blind to their disease status when the information is collected (brain tumours will occur in the future), and with no selection bias as all participants can be followed in nationwide well-established cancer registers and population registers. This presentation will discuss the theoretical principles of epidemiological case-control and cohort designs and highlight similarities and differences, particularly with regard to exposure misclassification and selection bias, and implications for the interpretation of findings and future prospects.
The increasing number of in vivo investigations combining non- invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques – such as transcranial electric (tES) stimulation – with invasive stimulation (e.g., DBS) or sensing electrodes (e.g., sEEG), requires a proper understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between applied fields and passive/active implants to determine safety. In view of allowing personalized stimulation strategies and inform safety decisions, dedicated safety metrics and efficient computational strategies need to be identified. In this dosimetric study, we systematically analyzed exposure conditions and a range of interaction mechanisms with the aim of establishing worst case exposure conditions (WCE), identifying conservative exposure thresholds and safe electrode placement strategies.
The increasing prevalence of Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMDs), such as pacemakers, raises concerns regarding their susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI), particularly in occupational environments where exposure could be relatively high. While unipolar pacemaker leads are well-documented as being sensitive to magnetic field, the mechanisms of interaction between pacemaker bipolar leads and electromagnetic fields are less understood. This study aims to develop an analytical model to describe this interaction.
Unlike unipolar leads, bipolar ones are supposed to be more sensitive to electric fields than magnetic fields. The study formulates an analytical model based on a capacitor analogy, where the two terminals are constituted by the two electrodes. From this analytical model, a transfer function, which relates the induced voltage to the incident electric field, was proposed.
To validate the proposed model, numerical simulations were conducted using CST Studio Suite, and experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment. The results demonstrated a good correlation between the analytical model, numerical simulations, and measurements.
The hypothesis that a lead in bipolar mode is more sensitive to the electric field than to the magnetic field has been confirmed. This research provides a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between electromagnetic field and bipolar lead and could lead to more appropriate standard test methods or to the design of devices that are less sensitive to electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, the model developed here can also be generalised to other types of leads such as neurostimulator, cochlear implant or electrocardiograph ones.
This study explores the design of high-permittivity materials (HPMs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three distinct Larmor frequencies. The objective of the work was to assess the influence of heterogeneous head structures, commonly used in numerical simulations, on the design of HPMs when utilizing analytical tools. To achieve this, a brain MRI experiment was simulated, incorporating an HPM helmet surrounding the head and a current-carrying coil for radiofrequency illumination. The investigation employed both an analytical scattering model and numerical simulations using the xFDTD software (Remcom).
The novel theoretical tool introduced in this study is based on Mie scattering formulation but utilizes Hankel functions of the first and second kind to describe the radial dependence of the electromagnetic fields. This innovative approach extends the framework of transmission line theory, enabling a comprehensive analysis of scattering phenomena in terms of impedance and reflection coefficients.
The findings, in terms of magnetic induction fields as a function of helmet permittivity, reveal that the impact of brain tissue heterogeneity on HPM design becomes more pronounced as the RF radiation frequency increases. This effect is attributed to the shorter wavelength at higher frequencies, which interacts more significantly with the varying tissue properties. Despite this, the analytical model proves effective in predicting optimal permittivity values or material thicknesses for specific applications. As such, this tool can be proposed as a valuable aid to support numerical simulations in the design of these materials.
In non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), electric fields are used to stimulate or modulate neuronal activity. To achieve the desired degree of stimulation, a certain level of induced field is required. Contact impedance between the electrodes and skin/tissue layers results in a voltage drop, which reduces the amount of current applied for a given excitation voltage. To address this, the impedance of the head of eight participants was measured, and an analytical model based on electrode geometry was developed. To capture the variance in the measured impedance, the 10th and 90th percentiles of the parameters of the best-fit model were computed to indicate the degree of variation that is to be expected. These results will serve as a guide in determining the required stimulation parameters, potentially enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of NIBS.
The potential biological impact of 5G signals at 700 MHz on cellular processes such as oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis remains an open question. In this study, we investigated the effects of such environmental radiofrequency field (RF) exposure on both primary astrocytes derived from rat brains and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, focusing on these key cellular pathways and stress-related markers. Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.08 and 4 W/kg were tested over two exposure durations: 1 hour and 24 hours. After each exposure, analyses were performed either immediately or 24 hours post-exposure to evaluate potential delayed effects.
ROS levels, proliferation rates, and apoptotic markers were measured under all conditions. Analyses for primary astrocytes are complete, showing no significant changes in mitochondrial oxidative stress, cell proliferation, or apoptosis under any of the conditions tested.
Our findings support the conclusion that, under controlled in vitro conditions, exposure to 5G-modulated 700 MHz does not have detectable effects on primary rat astrocytes.
The experiments for SH-SY5Y cells are still ongoing and the results will be presented at the congress.
The deployment of 5G communications technology is raising questions about its potential effects on human health (Belpoggi, 2021), including brain activity. Previous studies on 5G, (Jamal et al. ,2023) at 3.5 GHz, showed no significant effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the effects of higher 5G frequencies, such as 26 GHz, remain largely unexplored (Belpoggi, 2021).
This study aims to explore the effects of controlled exposure to 5G at 26 GHz on brain electrical activity.
This study was conducted by using an experimental protocol established and validated in our laboratory (Ghosn et al, 2015; Wallace et al, 2022; Wallace, 2023; Jamal, 2023). The study was a randomized, double-blind, crossover and a counterbalanced experimental protocol in the form of two sessions (real and sham exposure).
The subjects, 32 healthy young adults, were exposed to 26 GHz, at 2 V/m, under the ICNIRP (2020) standard, for 26.5 minutes in a shielded chamber.
EEG data were analyzed with power spectral density (PSD) with alpha, beta, delta and theta frequency bands.
We hypothesize that exposure at 26 GHz will have no significant effect on different frequencies bands studied.
This study will provide valuable data on the potential effects of exposure to 5G at 26 GHz on brain activity. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the potential effects of 5G on human health, particularly on electrical brain activity, and may shed light on whether this new technology poses any health risks.
The 26 GHz band is the first high-band 5G frequency currently deployed in France and other European countries to increase bandwidth and address network saturation issues in situations of dense user concentration. As radiofrequency electromagnetic field sources (RF EMF) expand in coverage and introduce new frequency ranges and signal modulations, concerns arise about potential health effects. Radio waves of higher frequencies have greater bandwidths, carry higher photon energies and are absorbed superficially by the human body, making the skin the primary target of absorption. Here, we are interested in the question of oxidative stress in the skin. Oxidative stress can disrupt redox signaling and lead to biomolecule damage, on a cellular level and has been linked to aging, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer at the organism level.
We have developed three-dimensional, engineered dermal sheets grown through the proliferation of primary human fibroblasts, which secrete their own extracellular matrix, to act as an in vitro skin model. A biological incubator was converted into a RF EMF mode-stirred reverbation chamber, with the installation of an antenna and a metal agitator to homogenize the EMF. Dermal sheets were exposed to 5G-modulated, 26 GHz radio waves with power intensities ranging from 20 to 100 V/m2. We assessed mitochondrial superoxide production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and plasma membrane permeability using fluorescence microscopy, all of which are implicated in oxidative stress imbalance.
The exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, coming from mobile communication technologies, have raised societal concerns. Although guidelines have been set by the ICNIRP (such as non-specific heating above 1 °C when exposed to radiofrequency fields), concerns rise about the possible potential health impacts due to the non-thermal effects. With the deployment of 5th generation (5G) communication technologies, which uses higher carrier frequencies, human skin has become the primary biological target. In response to the ongoing debate on the effects of RF-EMF on human cells, we addressed the impact of 5G modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) EMF on oxidative stress in human fibroblast cells using BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) probes sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS) either in the cytoplasm or the mitochondria. Fibroblasts cells transiently expressing such BRET probes were exposed to 5G modulated 3.5 GHz at SAR levels of 0.08 and 4 W/kg for 24h. We tested whether 5G exposure could directly trigger an oxidative stress in the exposed cells, synergize with various chemical ROS inducer, or trigger an adaptive response.
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their ability to carry cargo such as DNA, RNA, and proteins has revolutionized biomedical research. Their role as mediators of intercellular communication, and their involvement in disease development, along with their abundance in every cell make them an interesting target for studying possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) related to neurodegeneration and other diseases.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hu-iPSC), namely wildtype (WT) and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1) knock-out (KO) cells, are exposed to fifth generation new radio frequency range 1 (5G NR FR1) during their development into dopaminergic neurons. WT and PARP1-KO cells are exposed for 33 and 48 hours at 1,950 MHz with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.5 W/kg. EVs are isolated from the culture supernatant of both 5G NR FR1-exposed and sham-exposed cells and analyzed for their size and concentration using three widely applied methods: nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. Further proteomic analysis is planned to investigate differences in their protein cargo. Our findings will provide insights into possible effects of RF EMF on EVs during early neuronal development and may uncover mechanisms relevant to human health.
In this paper, we propose a big data generation method that considers real-world 5G base station operational scenarios. The proposed method generates a big data that mimics beamforming, base station deployment conditions, and various operational scenarios. Since the generated dataset reflects real-world conditions, it can be used to train recently developed AI-based prediction techniques for 5G base station evaluation. The proposed method consists of two main processes: the generation of radiation patterns and the execution of ray-tracing simulations using the generated radiation patterns. To facilitate big data generation, each process is automated using MATLAB and Python. We will demonstrate the diversity of the generated data using the proposed method in the results section, verifying that it enables the generation of datasets that reflect various real-world 5G operational scenarios.
Since the emergence of 5G technologies, questions remain regarding a possible increase of the electromagnetic fields - EMF, to some extent due to the use of reflections to reach out of sight users.
Thanks to numerical simulations, a comparison between 4G conventional and 5G adaptive antennas is performed. Realistic adaptive beams are first created by using Uniform Planar Array methodology. The resulting EMF are then obtained through ray-tracing calculations.
Our current results show that only one to three reflections must be taken into account when studying EMF, and this regardless of the building material properties and of the antenna types. Beyond four reflections, the contribution to the total EMF is likely to be neglected.
Furthermore, compared to conventional systems, adaptive antennas provide better quality of service and connectivity for out of sight users, while enabling lower EMF emissions in areas without data traffic.
A numerical assessment of the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure behind a massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) radio base station (RBS) and to the side of the RBS from the back surface is performed. The model of the antenna array contains 8 × 8 dual-polarized cavity-backed stacked patch elements and it is mounted on a box representing the RBS chassis. The RF EMF exposure is assessed for constant transmission at maximum power of 377.6 W, at frequency of 3.5 GHz, and for different steered beams within the scanning range to find its maximum for distance between the RBS model and phantom shell of 0 cm (touch position). The results of the RF EMF exposure simulations, conducted over a large area behind the mMIMO RBS model, show that the maximum 10-g specific absorption rate (SAR) and whole-body averaged SAR behind and to the side of the RBS are below the corresponding international limit values for general public and occupational exposure. If beam scanning, RBS utilization, and scheduling time, which are reasonably foreseeable, are considered then the time-averaged power will be significantly reduced and therefore also the RF EMF exposure.
This study introduces a Deep Learning (DL) framework for the efficient evaluation of mobile phone antenna performance , addressing the time-consuming nature of traditional full-wave numerical simulations. The DL model, built on convolutional neural networks, uses the Near-field Electromagnetic Field (NEMF) distribution of a mobile phone antenna in free space to predict the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), Total Radiated Power (TRP), and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) across various configurations. By converting antenna features and internal mobile phone components into near-field EMF distributions within a Huygens' box, the model simplifies its input. A dataset of 7000 mobile phone models was used for training and evaluation. The model's accuracy is validated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSR) for SAR and TRP, and the Feature Selection Validation Method (FSV) for EIRP. E-field distribution can also be super-resolution reconstructed by a specially desinged Generative Adversarial Networks informed with physical knowledge, which enables for deriving dosimetric values at even higher frequencies. The proposed model achieves remarkable computational efficiency, approximately 2000-fold faster than full-wave simulations, and demonstrates generalization capabilities for different antenna types, various frequencies, and antenna positions. This makes it a valuable tool for practical research and development , offering a promising alternative to traditional electromagnetic field simulations. 1/2 part of the work has been published recently in Sensors (10.3390/s24175646)
This study, conducted within the EU GOLIAT project framework, presents the numerical dosimetric assessment of near-field exposure emitted by personal devices across eight frequencies (from 700 MHz to 5800 MHz). The investigation employed four anatomically detailed virtual human models representing diverse age groups and anatomical characteristics. Using FDTD methodology, we analyzed PIFA/IFA antennas mounted on a commercial mock-up phone in multiple configurations, considering both vertical and horizontal polarizations and different locations of the mock-up phone near the phantom (device near the ear, in front of the eyes, and at the belly level), for a total of 176 use cases of wireless device for each anatomical model. Whole body average SAR was evaluated for all the tested configurations for an input power inducing a SAR10g of 1W/kg in the corresponding flat phantom. Preliminary results show a significant frequency-dependent absorption patterns, with sub-1 GHz frequencies exhibiting markedly higher exposure levels compared to higher frequency bands. The study provides crucial insights into human exposure patterns in realistic communication scenarios
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique widely used in neuroscience to investigate and improve cognitive abilities. Inhibition, a cognitive function that allows stopping an ongoing action, and associated with beta-band (13-30 Hz) oscillations in the right inferior frontal gyrus, could be enhanced via tACS when stimulation frequency matches subject’s endogenous beta frequency. A growing body of evidence supports the importance of considering the electroencephalography (EEG) aperiodic (“1/f”) activity when studying brain electrical activity, as it can bias neural oscillations’ estimations. Since aperiodic activity has been associated with cognition, perception, or development, we aim to investigate if it can be modulated by tACS. Here, we will test the effect of subject-specific beta-tACS on aperiodic activity in healthy subjects. We will record high-resolution EEG (HR-EEG) from 35 healthy controls (HCs) both in resting-state and during an inhibition task pre- and post- stimulation. As the study is ongoing, only the preliminary results from the first 8 HCs are presented, organized into experimental groups labeled as ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding either to real or sham stimulation without knowledge of their specific conditions. An apparent decrease in both aperiodic parameters after stimulation in the experimental group ‘0’, while only a change in offset appeared in the experimental condition ‘1’. Although the existing literature suggests that aperiodic activity could be modulated by tACS, the absence of statistical analysis currently prevents any interpretation. Full data acquisition and analysis are expected by June 2025, with complete results presented at BioEM2025.
This study examines Aδ- and C-fiber activation thresholds using intraepidermal electrical stimulation (IES) and computational modeling. Anodal stimulation activated Aδ-fibers with single pulses, while C-fibers required multiple pulses. Cathodal stimulation failed to activate C-fibers, indicating a higher perception threshold. Computational modeling validated experimental results, refining stimulation protocols for selective small-fiber activation. The findings contribute to neuropathic pain diagnostics and international neural stimulation guidelines.
Targeted non-invasive deep brain electrostimulation, aimed at activating deep neural structures without stimulation at the surface, relies on the interference of electric fields from two or more sources. Temporal interference (TI) stimulation employs frequency-shifted sine waves which overlap into an amplitude-modulated sine wave at the deep target. It is assumed that “pure” (unmodulated) high-frequency sine waves will not excite neurons but the modulated ones will, despite a (much) weaker electric field distantly from the electrodes. However, we found that unmodulated high-frequency sine waves are no less potent at exciting neurons than amplitude-modulated ones. Dissociated hippocampal neurons stimulated by unmodulated 2- and 20-kHz sine waves fired action potentials (APs) at a rate proportional to the electric field strength. After reaching the physiological rate limit of 60-90 Hz, APs coalesced into a sustained depolarization that blocked excitation. Adding 20-Hz modulation to emulate TI did not reduce excitation thresholds, but aligned APs with sine wave “beats” and prevented the excitation block. We used strobe photography to analyze membrane charging and relaxation kinetics with nanoscale resolution and proposed an excitation mechanism independent of sine wave rectification. Our results suggest that off-target effects of TI stimulation are unavoidable, although the excitation patterns near electrodes may differ from those at the deep target.
Introduction: Enhanced glutamatergic transmission leading to motor neuron death is considered the major pathogenetic mechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Motor cortex excitability can be suppressed by transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS), thus tSMS can be evaluated as a potential treatment for ALS. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of tSMS in ALS.
Methods: In this trial, we randomly assigned ALS patients to receive daily tSMS or placebo stimulation for 6 months. For each participant we calculated mean disease monthly progression rate (MPR) using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSRFS-R). The primary outcome was the difference in MPR before and after the beginning of treatment. Secondary outcomes were safety, tolerability, and compliance. A long-term follow-up of 18 months was performed in all patients who completed the six-month treatment considering a composite endpoint event (tracheostomy or death).
Results: 40 participants were randomly assigned to real (n=21) or placebo stimulation (n=19). The MPR did not show statistically significant differences between the two arms during the pre-treatment and treatment period. The treatment was feasible and safe, with high compliance. At the end of the long-term follow-up of 18 months, patients of real group had a statistically significant higher tracheostomy-free survival compared with patients of placebo group.
Conclusions: tSMS did not modify disease progression during the 6 months of treatment. However, long-term follow-up revealed a substantial increase in tracheostomy free survival in patients treated with real stimulation supporting the evaluation of tSMS in larger and more prolonged studies.
Electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) influences balance by applying weak electrical currents to the scalp. While EVS is conventionally delivered via electrodes placed over the mastoid processes, recent findings show that stimulation using various other electrode montages also induces postural sway. This study aimed to explore which electric field component contributes to the response and compare the vestibular electric field values to human exposure limits established in international guidelines and standards, which currently do not consider vestibular effects.
Counterbalanced sham-controlled double-blind experiments were performed in eight participants standing on a force plate. Alternating currents at 4.6 Hz or 4.8 Hz were applied to four electrode montages, featuring electrodes over the forehead, motor cortex, and cerebellum. All four montages produced a significantly increased body sway compared to sham at the stimulation frequency, with the electric field in the vestibular system correlating with the sway magnitude. Further modelling identified the lateral electric field component as the best predictor of lateral oscillating postural sway.
The in situ electric field magnitudes were at most 100-220 mV/m, depending on the electrode montage, while the lateral component was much weaker, ranging from 40-80 mV/m. These field strengths were well below the occupational exposure limits set by international bodies. The EVS-induced postural sway is subtle and not easily perceived, and it is unclear whether it should be treated as adverse or as an effect that should be avoided. Therefore, the implications of vestibular effects on the human exposure guidelines and standards remain uncertain.
Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique with potential applications in glioblastoma (GB) management, particularly in mitigating tumour-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. However, the effects of tSMS-like static magnetic fields (SMF) on GB cells remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the biological responses of human GB cell lines (U87, p53 wild-type; U251, p53 mutant) exposed to moderate SMF (113.93 ± 6.595 mT and 12.567 ± 0.747 mT) for 3, 24, and 48 hours.
SMF exposure did not promote GB cell proliferation or induce apoptosis but suppressed mitochondrial activity in U87 cells at all time points, suggesting a potential role in metabolic regulation. Minimal cytotoxic effects were observed, with a slight increase in dead cells at 48 hours in U87 and U251 at higher SMF levels. No significant oxidative stress was detected in U87 cells, while U251 cells exhibited a transient increase in cytoplasmic oxidative stress. Morphological analysis revealed cell-type-dependent structural adaptations, with U87 cells showing progressive nuclear and cytoskeletal remodelling, while U251 cells exhibited only early (3-hour) responses. Chromatin structure was also affected, with U87 cells displaying variability in chromatin compaction and U251 cells showing increased condensation.
These findings suggest that tSMS-like SMF may influence GB metabolism, nuclear organisation, and cytoskeletal structure without promoting tumour growth, supporting its potential safety in clinical applications. Further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and evaluate the translational relevance of tSMS in GB treatment.
Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) is a key biomarker for immunotherapy response but is costly and time-consuming to assess via sequencing. This study explores ultra-high frequency dielectrophoresis (UHF-DEP) as a rapid, label-free alternative by analyzing the electromagnetic signature (EMS) of cancer cells.
Using a lab-on-a-chip biosensor, UHF-DEP crossover frequencies (CFs) were measured in eight solid tumor cell lines. EMS values correlated with TMB, distinguishing between high (≥10 Mut/Mb) and low TMB cell lines.
These findings suggest UHF-DEP could provide a rapid TMB estimation method, improving patient stratification for immunotherapy. Further studies are needed to validate EMS as a clinical biomarker and assess its complementarity with sequencing.
Quality of water resources is a major global challenge and water pollution is a daily topic. Certain pollutants can kill bacteria and destroy cell walls depending on their concentration, leading to the release of cytoplasm cell ions to the medium by diffusion. Hence, studying the conductivity and permittivity of a bacterial solution is used to investigate bacterial behaviour with respect to the presence of a pollutant that can then be detected.
As a first step towards this pollutant biosensing method, we propose a study of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the 40 Hz - 20 MHz range for heat-killed and alive solutions of Escherichia coli at different concentrations. EIS is done with a planar electrode sensor. Within this experiment parameters, our copper-tin alloy electrodes have no impact on bacterial viability.
Two different data analysis methods are investigated. Firstly, we propose to study impedance magnitude data from EIS to discriminate alive from heat-killed bacteria at a given concentration. Secondly, we use Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis on EIS data, which is equally useful for discriminating between different concentrations.
The use of single-bacteria simulations as a building brick provided a semi analytical model consistent with the measured electrical behaviour a bacteria population. Finally, the biosensor prototype was applied to detect the effect of anti-helminthic and antibiotic.
Bacterial transformation is the internalization of exogenous DNA and integration into the recipient genome via homologous recombination, which can result in bacteria acquiring possible new genetic traits. The laboratory standards for bacterial transformation requires chemically competent cells and despite the reported high efficiencies, chemical and heat shock transformation methods have limited success in wild-type and pathogenic bacterial strains. As an alternative, electroporation is commonly used as it allows for the uptake of large amounts of genetic material, e.g., plasmids, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs in the range of 150−350 kb). Nevertheless, electroporation can lead to cell death, primarily when the electric fields cause permanent membrane permeabilization. Here, we report a novel method of genetic transformation of bacterial cells mediated by high-frequency microwave radiation. Escherichia coli JM109 was exposed to a frequency of 18 GHz at a power density between 5.6 and 30 kW m−2 for 180 s, using a specialised microwave processing apparatus that limited the temperature rise to below 40 °C. Plasmid DNA, pGLO (5.4 kb), was successfully transformed into E. coli cells as evidenced by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) using confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Approximately 90.7% of the treated viable E. coli cells exhibited uptake of the pGLO plasmid. The interaction of plasmid DNA with bacteria leading to transformation was further confirmed using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy.
This paper proposes an analytical method based on electrokinetic measurements ( experimentally measured dielectrophoresis crossover frequencies and predicted extremum electrorotation speed frequency) allowing to extract intracellular dielectric properties i.e., permittivity and conductivity to characterize cancerous stem cells of a colorectal cell line .
The rapid proliferation of mobile devices has heightened public concerns regarding human exposure to radio-frequency radiation, particularly from uplink transmissions. This study focuses on characterizing UL exposure specifically during voice call applications, comparing different configurations, providing a comparison between native mobile voice calls and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) calls via WhatsApp. The research is based on the measurement data of the EXPLORA and SEAWAVE projects in Paris, which also provides an insight into the effect of bandlock on the averaged transmitted (TX) power. By investigating the difference in TX power, our findings reveal significant variations in uplink exposure levels of mobile phone voice calls. These results provide valuable insights into the differences between native and VoIP-based voice calls. Furthermore, this study enhances our understanding of real-world exposure dynamics, lays the groundwork for future research aimed at optimizing wireless network configurations to minimize UL exposure while maintaining high-quality voice communication services.
In order to clarify the radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure level related to human protection in the real environment, the NICT has conducted measurements in Japan using various measurement methods since 2019. As one of our research activities, we had measured the RF-EMF levels from the mobile phone base station in 2019 at the same places as the past measurements in 2006 and compared. It was confirmed that the RF-EMF exposure levels from mobile phone base stations are about three times higher than those of the past measurements taken about 10 years before in both urban and suburban areas; however, those were sufficiently low against the Japanese radio radiation protection guidelines with approximately 1/1000 or less. On the other hand, these measurements were done before the start of commercial services of the 5th Generation mobile phone system (5G). In this study, RF-EMF levels were measured at the same place to analyse time trend considering impact of the 5G service.
This paper exposes the measurement method presently used in Wallonia to evaluate the maximum exposure generated by active antennas. The roll-out of active antennas is well underway, so for official bodies in charge of controlling the respect of the mandatory exposure limit it was urgent to have an assessment method. After having tried different solutions, we have finally opted for a method based on spectrum measurement during forced traffic directed to the measuring equipment. The integration over frequency of the whole bandwidth used is corrected afterwards to take into account the noisy and irregular nature of the spectrum. The correction consists in adding a safety margin.
This study assesses the exposure to 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) across four European countries. Spot measurements were conducted indoor and outdoor, encompassing urban and rural environments. In total, 146 measurements were performed in 2023, divided over Belgium (47), Switzerland (38), Hungary (30) and Poland (31). At 34.9% of all measurement locations a 5G connection to 3.6 GHz was established. The average cumulative incident power density (Savg) and maximum cumulative incident power density (Smax) were determined, for both “background” exposure (no 5G user equipment; No UE) and worst-case exposure (maximum downlink with 5G user equipment; Max DL). For the No UE scenario, the highest Smax was 17.6 mW/m2, while for the Max DL, the highest Smax was 23.3 mW/m2. Both values are well within the ICNIRP guidelines. The highest Smax,5G measured over all countries and scenarios was 10.4 mW/m2, which is 3.2% of the frequency specific ICNIRP guidelines. The power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas (-4.8 dB to -10.4 dB).