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Description
In 5G networks, base stations dynamically form directional beams toward users, coupling the spatial and temporal variations of electromagnetic field exposure. We propose a novel spatio-temporal method that incorporates both active users and non-users in realistic 5G exposure simulations. Unlike prior studies that focus mainly on static scenarios, or dynamic settings without accounting for precoding effects, our work integrates precoding techniques with dynamic users. In addition, this work also provides a comprehensive comparison of exposure levels for users and non-users. The results show that users experience 5.2 dB to 3.7 dB higher field strengths for 8×8 antenna arrays compared to 4×4 arrays. Non-users also experience increased exposure, with median differences up to 2.4 dB. Importantly, all exposure levels remain well below 4% of the ICNIRP guidelines, even under maximum antenna power.
