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Description
This study evaluates human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in far-field conditions using numerical simulations. It distinguishes between environmental exposure (exposure from background RF fields) and auto-induced exposure (where 5G base stations direct beams toward users, increasing exposure levels). Simulations were conducted using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with four anatomical phantoms representing different ages and sexes. Exposure metrics include specific absorption rate (SAR) for frequencies below 6 GHz and surface-absorbed power density (Sab) for frequencies above 6 GHz, following ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. Lower frequencies (<2 GHz) result in higher energy absorption, with children experiencing greater exposure due to smaller body sizes and different dielectric properties. Auto-induced exposure (5G beamforming) leads to 2–3 times higher exposure due to a focusing effect at the same frequency. Millimeter-wave exposure (above 24 GHz) is highly localized on the skin, with significantly reduced penetration compared to lower frequencies.
