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Description
This study assesses the exposure to 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) across four European countries. Spot measurements were conducted indoor and outdoor, encompassing urban and rural environments. In total, 146 measurements were performed in 2023, divided over Belgium (47), Switzerland (38), Hungary (30) and Poland (31). At 34.9% of all measurement locations a 5G connection to 3.6 GHz was established. The average cumulative incident power density (Savg) and maximum cumulative incident power density (Smax) were determined, for both “background” exposure (no 5G user equipment; No UE) and worst-case exposure (maximum downlink with 5G user equipment; Max DL). For the No UE scenario, the highest Smax was 17.6 mW/m2, while for the Max DL, the highest Smax was 23.3 mW/m2. Both values are well within the ICNIRP guidelines. The highest Smax,5G measured over all countries and scenarios was 10.4 mW/m2, which is 3.2% of the frequency specific ICNIRP guidelines. The power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas (-4.8 dB to -10.4 dB).
